Herbert Bayer

Bayer apprenticed under the artist Georg Schmidthammer in [[Linz]]. Leaving the workshop to study at the [[Darmstadt Artists' Colony]], he became interested in [[Walter Gropius]]'s [[Bauhaus manifesto]]. After Bayer had studied for four years at the [[Bauhaus]]{{cite web | year=2011 | title=Oral history interview with Herbert Bayer, 1981 Oct. 3 | work=Oral History interview | publisher=Archives of American Art | url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-herbert-bayer-11924 | access-date=30 Jun 2011}} under such teachers as [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Paul Klee]]{{cite web | year=2011 | title=Oral history interview with Herbert Bayer, 1981 Nov. 3-1982 Mar. 10 | work=Oral History interview | publisher=Archives of American Art | url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-herbert-bayer-11815 | access-date=30 Jun 2011}} and [[László Moholy-Nagy]], Gropius appointed Bayer director of [[printing]] and [[advertising]].

Bayer apprenticed under the artist Georg Schmidthammer in [[Linz]]. Leaving the workshop to study at the [[Darmstadt Artists' Colony]], he became interested in [[Walter Gropius]]'s [[Bauhaus manifesto]]. After Bayer had studied for four years at the [[Bauhaus]]{{cite web | year=2011 | title=Oral history interview with Herbert Bayer, 1981 Oct. 3 | work=Oral History interview | publisher=Archives of American Art | url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-herbert-bayer-11924 | access-date=30 Jun 2011}} under such teachers as [[Wassily Kandinsky]], [[Paul Klee]]{{cite web | year=2011 | title=Oral history interview with Herbert Bayer, 1981 Nov. 3-1982 Mar. 10 | work=Oral History interview | publisher=Archives of American Art | url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/interviews/oral-history-interview-herbert-bayer-11815 | access-date=30 Jun 2011}} and [[László Moholy-Nagy]], Gropius appointed Bayer director of [[printing]] and [[advertising]].

In the spirit of reductive minimalism, Bayer developed a crisp visual style and adopted use of all-lowercase, [[sans serif]] [[typeface]]s for most Bauhaus publications.{{cite web|last1=Berning|first1=Bianca|title=Language As Design Criteria? Part II|url=http://www.alphabettes.org/language-as-design-criteria-part-ii/|website=Alphabettes|date=9 November 2012 |access-date=15 May 2016}} Bayer is one of several typographers of the period including [[Kurt Schwitters]] and [[Jan Tschichold]] who experimented with the creation of a simplified more phonetic-based alphabet. From 1925 to 1930, Bayer designed a geometric sans-serif titled ''Proposal for a Universal Typeface'' (Herbert Bayer, universal{{Cite web |title=Herbert Bayer, universal |url=http://www.papress.com/thinkingwithtype/teachers/type_lecture/history_bayer.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203192950/http://www.papress.com/thinkingwithtype/teachers/type_lecture/history_bayer.htm |archive-date=2008-12-03 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.papress.com}}) that existed only as a design and was never actually cast into real type.{{cite journal|last1=Bayer|first1=Herbert|title=Towards a Universal Type|journal=Industrial Arts|date=1936|pages=238–244|url=http://magazines.iaddb.org/issue/IA/1936-10-01/edition/null/page/78|access-date=17 November 2017|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072945/https://magazines.iaddb.org/issue/IA/1936-10-01/edition/null/page/78|url-status=dead}} These designs are now issued in digital form as Bayer Universal (P22 Type Foundry Bauhaus Set{{Cite web |title=P22 Type Foundry Bauhaus Set |url=http://www.p22.com//products/bauhaus.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905182554/http://www.p22.com//products/bauhaus.html |archive-date=2008-09-05 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.p22.com}}). The design also inspired ITC Bauhaus and [[Architype Bayer]], which bears comparison with the stylistically related typeface [[Architype Schwitters]].

In the spirit of reductive minimalism, Bayer developed a crisp visual style and adopted use of all-lowercase, [[sans serif]] [[typeface]]s for most Bauhaus publications.{{cite web|last1=Berning|first1=Bianca|title=Language As Design Criteria? Part II|url=http://www.alphabettes.org/language-as-design-criteria-part-ii/|website=Alphabettes|date=9 November 2012 |access-date=15 May 2016}} Bayer is one of several typographers of the period including [[Kurt Schwitters]] and [[Jan Tschichold]] who experimented with the creation of a simplified more phonetic-based alphabet. From 1925 to 1930, Bayer designed a geometric sans-serif titled ''Proposal for a Universal Typeface'' (Herbert Bayer, universal{{Cite web |title=Herbert Bayer, universal |url=http://www.papress.com/thinkingwithtype/teachers/type_lecture/history_bayer.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203192950/http://www.papress.com/thinkingwithtype/teachers/type_lecture/history_bayer.htm |archive-date=2008-12-03 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.papress.com}}) that existed only as a design and was never actually cast into real type.{{cite journal|last1=Bayer|first1=Herbert|title=Towards a Universal Type|journal=Industrial Arts|date=1936|pages=238–244|url=http://magazines.iaddb.org/issue/IA/1936-10-01/edition/null/page/78|access-date=17 November 2017|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806072945/https://magazines.iaddb.org/issue/IA/1936-10-01/edition/null/page/78|url-status=dead}} These designs are now issued in digital form as Bayer Universal (P22 Type Foundry Bauhaus Set{{Cite web |title=P22 Type Foundry Bauhaus Set |url=http://www.p22.com//products/bauhaus.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905182554/http://www.p22.com//products/bauhaus.html |archive-date=2008-09-05 |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=www.p22.com}}). The design also inspired ITC Bauhaus and [[Architype Bayer]], which bears comparison with the stylistically related typeface [[Architype Schwitters]]. Something important to note about Bayers proposed "Universal Typeface" is that the reason he abandoned uppercase letters when designing this typeface was because he aimed to make the writing process more efficient.{{Cite journal |last=Anker |first=Peter |date=2007 |title=Graphic Language: Herbert Bayer's Environmental Design |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25473066 |journal=Environmental History |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=26 |via=JSTOR}} While designing his universal typeface, the first sketches revealed that he was focusing on geometric forms.{{Cite journal |last=Jubert |first=Roxane |date=2006 |title=The Bauhaus Context: Typography and Graphic Design in France |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25224077 |journal=Design Issues |volume=22 |issue=4 |pages=15 |via=JSTOR}}

In 1923 Bayer met the photographer [[Irene Bayer-Hecht]] at the first large Bauhaus exhibit in Weimar. They married in 1925, separated in 1928, had a daughter, Julia Alexandra, in 1929, and divorced in 1944.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bauhaus100.com/the-bauhaus/people/the-bauhaus-entourage/irene-bayer/|title=Irene Bayer|website=www.bauhaus100.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-30|archive-date=2019-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330184444/https://www.bauhaus100.com/the-bauhaus/people/the-bauhaus-entourage/irene-bayer/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/interactives/objectphoto/artists/24582.html#chronology|title=Irene Bayer-Hecht {{!}} Object:Photo {{!}} MoMA|website=www.moma.org|access-date=2019-03-30}}

In 1923 Bayer met the photographer [[Irene Bayer-Hecht]] at the first large Bauhaus exhibit in Weimar. They married in 1925, separated in 1928, had a daughter, Julia Alexandra, in 1929, and divorced in 1944.{{Cite web|url=https://www.bauhaus100.com/the-bauhaus/people/the-bauhaus-entourage/irene-bayer/|title=Irene Bayer|website=www.bauhaus100.com|language=en|access-date=2019-03-30|archive-date=2019-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330184444/https://www.bauhaus100.com/the-bauhaus/people/the-bauhaus-entourage/irene-bayer/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/interactives/objectphoto/artists/24582.html#chronology|title=Irene Bayer-Hecht {{!}} Object:Photo {{!}} MoMA|website=www.moma.org|access-date=2019-03-30}}

==References==

==References==

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{{Reflist|2}}

[[File:StaatlichesBauhaus Vorderdeckel.jpg|thumb|Herbert Bayer, Staatliches Bauhaus in Weimar 1919-1923 (1923), Vorderdeckel (Entwurf von Herbert Bayer), Foto: Tobias Adam]]

===General references===

===General references===