Marc Louis Bourgeois
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== Biography == |
== Biography == |
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Marc Louis Bourgeois was born on 8 January 1934 in [[Paris]] and died on 1 December 2025 in [[Bordeaux]].{{Cite web |title=Bourgeois, Marc-Louis (1934-2025) |url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12509301n}} His family were originally from [[Picardy]], and his father was an engineer with [[SNCF|French National Railways]]. He attended the [[Lycée Charlemagne]] in Paris, and then passed the entrance examination for the medical military school in Bordeaux, otherwise known as the {{ill|Santé Navale|fr|École du service de santé des armées de Bordeaux}}.{{Cite journal |last=Bourgeois Marc |date=1993 |title=Pourquoi avez-vous choisi la psychiatrie ? |journal=Psychiatrie Internationale |issue=spécial |page=11-13}} |
Marc Louis Bourgeois was born on 8 January 1934 in [[Paris]] and died on 1 December 2025 in [[Bordeaux]].{{Cite web |title=Bourgeois, Marc-Louis (1934-2025) |url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12509301n}} His family were originally from [[Picardy]], and his father was an engineer with [[SNCF|French National Railways]]. He attended the [[Lycée Charlemagne]] in Paris, and then passed the entrance examination for the medical military school in Bordeaux, otherwise known as the {{ill|Santé Navale|fr|École du service de santé des armées de Bordeaux}}.{{Cite journal |last=Bourgeois Marc |date=1993 |title=Pourquoi avez-vous choisi la psychiatrie ? |journal=Psychiatrie Internationale |issue=spécial |page=11-13}} |
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| ⚫ | He studied medicine in Bordeaux, initially at the {{ill|Saint André Hospital|fr|Hôpital Saint-André}}, where he trained in internal medicine, endocrinology, paediatrics and intensive care. On 15 December 1958, he defended his doctoral thesis in medicine on a topic in [[rheumatology]].{{Cite book |last=Marc Bourgeois |title=Etude critique de la pseudopolyarthrite rhizomélique. Thèse pour le Doctorat en Médecine |publisher=Imprimerie Librairie Delmas |location=Soutenue le 15 décembre 1958 à Bordeaux |pages=48}} In it, he referred to the work of [[Jean-Martin Charcot]], who had also defended a thesis on rheumatic diseases in 1853.{{Cite book |last=Charcot Jean-Martin |title=Etude pour servir à l'histoire de l'affection décrite sous les noms de : goutte asthénique primitive, nodosités des jointures, rhumatisme articulaire chronique (forme primitive). Thèse |year=1853 |location=Paris}}[[File:Bordeaux - Ecole de Santé Navale (CC).jpg|thumb|355x355px|Bordeaux Medical Military School "Santé Navale"|left]]After passing the medical residency entrance examination, Marc Louis Bourgeois chose to specialise in [[neuropsychiatry]].{{Cite journal |last=Verdoux |first=Hélène |date=2026 |title=Marc Louis Bourgeois (1934–2025) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003448726000958 |journal=Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique |language=fr |doi=10.1016/j.amp.2026.04.001}} He began his residency in this speciality in 1962 at the highly prestigious Jean Abadie neuropsychiatic center in Bordeaux, where candidates were rigorously selected. All brain-related specialities were to be found in this centre, which was founded in 1956 by Professor Paul Delmas-Marsalet and was considered at the time to be the most modern neuropsychiatric centre in Europe.{{Cite journal |last=Bourgeois |first=M.-L. |date=2005 |title=Une breve histoire de la psychiatrie a Bordeaux |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003448705000508 |journal=Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique |language=fr |volume=163 |issue=3-4 |page=351–356 |doi=10.1016/j.amp.2005.03.008 |access-date=2026-03-13|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Le Moal |first=Michel |last2=Battin |first2=Jacques |last3=Bioulac |first3=Bernard |last4=Bourgeois |first4=Marc Louis |date=2008 |title=[Neurosciences in Bordeaux] |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19024950 |journal=Bulletin De l'Academie Nationale De Medecine |volume=192 |issue=4 |page=817–831 |issn=0001-4079 |pmid=19024950 |access-date=2026-03-13}} Marc Louis Bourgeois worked there as a junior doctor and later as a senior registrar. For many years, he practised on the Psychiatric Observation Ward, an emergency department located in the basement of the building that handled all requests for compulsory psychiatric admission from the Gironde department. |
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[[File:Bordeaux - Ecole de Santé Navale (CC).jpg|thumb|355x355px|Bordeaux Medical Military School "Santé Navale"|left]] |
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He studied medicine in Bordeaux, initially at the {{ill|Saint André Hospital|fr|Hôpital Saint-André}}, where he trained in internal medicine, endocrinology, paediatrics and intensive care. On 15 December 1958, he defended his doctoral thesis in medicine on a topic in [[rheumatology]].{{Cite book |last=Marc Bourgeois |title=Etude critique de la pseudopolyarthrite rhizomélique. Thèse pour le Doctorat en Médecine |publisher=Imprimerie Librairie Delmas |location=Soutenue le 15 décembre 1958 à Bordeaux |pages=48}} In it, he referred to the work of [[Jean-Martin Charcot]], who had also defended a thesis on rheumatic diseases in 1853.{{Cite book |last=Charcot Jean-Martin |title=Etude pour servir à l'histoire de l'affection décrite sous les noms de : goutte asthénique primitive, nodosités des jointures, rhumatisme articulaire chronique (forme primitive). Thèse |year=1853 |location=Paris}} |
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| ⚫ | After passing the medical residency entrance examination, Marc Louis Bourgeois chose to specialise in [[neuropsychiatry]].{{Cite journal |last=Verdoux |first=Hélène |date=2026 |title=Marc Louis Bourgeois (1934–2025) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003448726000958 |journal=Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique |language=fr |doi=10.1016/j.amp.2026.04.001}} He began his residency in this speciality in 1962 at the highly prestigious Jean Abadie neuropsychiatic center in Bordeaux, where candidates were rigorously selected. All brain-related specialities were to be found in this centre, which was founded in 1956 by Professor Paul Delmas-Marsalet and was considered at the time to be the most modern neuropsychiatric centre in Europe.{{Cite journal |last=Bourgeois |first=M.-L. |date=2005 |title=Une breve histoire de la psychiatrie a Bordeaux |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003448705000508 |journal=Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique |language=fr |volume=163 |issue=3-4 |page=351–356 |doi=10.1016/j.amp.2005.03.008 |access-date=2026-03-13|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Le Moal |first=Michel |last2=Battin |first2=Jacques |last3=Bioulac |first3=Bernard |last4=Bourgeois |first4=Marc Louis |date=2008 |title=[Neurosciences in Bordeaux] |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19024950 |journal=Bulletin De l'Academie Nationale De Medecine |volume=192 |issue=4 |page=817–831 |issn=0001-4079 |pmid=19024950 |access-date=2026-03-13}} Marc Louis Bourgeois worked there as a junior doctor and later as a senior registrar. For many years, he practised on the Psychiatric Observation Ward, an emergency department located in the basement of the building that handled all requests for compulsory psychiatric admission from the Gironde department. |
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At that time, Professor [[Paul Delmas-Marsalet]] (1898–1977) held the Chair of Clinical Neurology and Psychiatry at the Faculty of Medicine in Bordeaux, having succeeded Professor [[Joseph Abadie|Jean Abadie]] in 1941. Bourgeois was deeply influenced by the training he received from this extraordinary charismatic neuropsychiatrist, whose reputation was international.{{Cite journal |last=Bourgeois |first=Marc L. |date=2017 |title=Paul Delmas Marsalet (1898–1977) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003448717302202 |journal=Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique |language=fr |volume=175 |issue=7 |page=674–675 |doi=10.1016/j.amp.2017.07.004 |access-date=2026-03-13|url-access=subscription }} Paul Delmas-Marsalet played a decisive role in shaping his view of psychiatry as primarily a medical speciality, as well as in his openness to international clinical and therapeutic models, particularly those of North American psychiatry. Marc Louis Bourgeois’s encounter with Professor Michel Bergouignan (1907–1970) would also have a significant influence on him.{{Cite journal |last=Bourgeois |first=M.-L. |date=2005 |title=Une breve histoire de la psychiatrie a Bordeaux |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003448705000508 |journal=Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique |language=fr |volume=163 |issue=3-4 |page=351–356 |doi=10.1016/j.amp.2005.03.008 |access-date=2026-03-13|url-access=subscription }} Michel Bergouignan, who succeeded Delmas-Marsalet for a year in the chair of neuropsychiatry before his tragic death, played a pioneering role in opening up medical psychiatry to medical psychology and the development of [[Psychotherapy|psychotherapies]]. |
At that time, Professor [[Paul Delmas-Marsalet]] (1898–1977) held the Chair of Clinical Neurology and Psychiatry at the Faculty of Medicine in Bordeaux, having succeeded Professor [[Joseph Abadie|Jean Abadie]] in 1941. Bourgeois was deeply influenced by the training he received from this extraordinary charismatic neuropsychiatrist, whose reputation was international.{{Cite journal |last=Bourgeois |first=Marc L. |date=2017 |title=Paul Delmas Marsalet (1898–1977) |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003448717302202 |journal=Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique |language=fr |volume=175 |issue=7 |page=674–675 |doi=10.1016/j.amp.2017.07.004 |access-date=2026-03-13|url-access=subscription }} Paul Delmas-Marsalet played a decisive role in shaping his view of psychiatry as primarily a medical speciality, as well as in his openness to international clinical and therapeutic models, particularly those of North American psychiatry. Marc Louis Bourgeois’s encounter with Professor Michel Bergouignan (1907–1970) would also have a significant influence on him.{{Cite journal |last=Bourgeois |first=M.-L. |date=2005 |title=Une breve histoire de la psychiatrie a Bordeaux |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0003448705000508 |journal=Annales Médico-psychologiques, revue psychiatrique |language=fr |volume=163 |issue=3-4 |page=351–356 |doi=10.1016/j.amp.2005.03.008 |access-date=2026-03-13|url-access=subscription }} Michel Bergouignan, who succeeded Delmas-Marsalet for a year in the chair of neuropsychiatry before his tragic death, played a pioneering role in opening up medical psychiatry to medical psychology and the development of [[Psychotherapy|psychotherapies]]. |
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[[File:Centre neuropsychiatrique Jean Abadie en 1956 (hôpitaux de Bordeaux).jpg|thumb|305x305px|Bordeaux neuropsychiatric centre Jean Abadie in 1956]]Bourgeois left the academic Jean Abadie Centre located at the general universitary hospital for Bordeaux psychiatric hospital in 1973. Following the split between [[neurology]] and [[psychiatry]] in 1969,{{Cite journal |last=Delay, Jean |date=1969 |title=Neurologie et psychiatrie |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1969/01/09/neurologie-et-psychiatrie_2421544_1819218.html |journal=Le Monde}} Marc Blanc (1915-1996), Marc Blanc (1915–1996), then the sole professor of psychiatry, decided that university psychiatrists who had previously practised at the general hospital should join the psychiatrists working in psychiatric hospitals. This decision represented a stance entirely at odds with that which had prevailed for decades in Bordeaux, where the long-standing rivalry between neuropsychiatrists in general hospitals and asylum alienists had reached its peak during the tenure of Professor Jean Abadie. Abadie’s appointment was contested by Charles Perrens and was annulled by the Council of State, before justice was done to Jean Abadie, who became holder of the Chair of Clinical Neurology and Psychiatry.{{Cite book |last=Chantal |title=Fragments d'une histoire de la psychiatrie à Bordeaux. Thèse pour le diplôme d'état de docteur en médecine. |year=1987 |location=Université de Bordeaux |pages=|first=Labadie}} |
[[File:Centre neuropsychiatrique Jean Abadie en 1956 (hôpitaux de Bordeaux).jpg|thumb|305x305px|Bordeaux neuropsychiatric centre Jean Abadie in 1956|left]]Bourgeois left the academic Jean Abadie Centre located at the general universitary hospital for Bordeaux psychiatric hospital in 1973. Following the split between [[neurology]] and [[psychiatry]] in 1969,{{Cite journal |last=Delay, Jean |date=1969 |title=Neurologie et psychiatrie |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1969/01/09/neurologie-et-psychiatrie_2421544_1819218.html |journal=Le Monde}} Marc Blanc (1915-1996), Marc Blanc (1915–1996), then the sole professor of psychiatry, decided that university psychiatrists who had previously practised at the general hospital should join the psychiatrists working in psychiatric hospitals. This decision represented a stance entirely at odds with that which had prevailed for decades in Bordeaux, where the long-standing rivalry between neuropsychiatrists in general hospitals and asylum alienists had reached its peak during the tenure of Professor Jean Abadie. Abadie’s appointment was contested by Charles Perrens and was annulled by the Council of State, before justice was done to Jean Abadie, who became holder of the Chair of Clinical Neurology and Psychiatry.{{Cite book |last=Chantal |title=Fragments d'une histoire de la psychiatrie à Bordeaux. Thèse pour le diplôme d'état de docteur en médecine. |year=1987 |location=Université de Bordeaux |pages=|first=Labadie}} |
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After successfully passing the agrégation examination, Marc Bourgeois left for the USA in 1977 to work for a year at [[Stanford University]]. There he developed an international academic network that he would maintain throughout his career. From 1981, following the departure of Professor Blanc, he became head of one of the two adult university psychiatry departments at Charles Perrens Hospital, and was in charge of patients from the Caudéran-Le Bouscat suburbs of Bordeaux. Upon leaving the hospital in 1999, he continued to practise privately. He also pursued an intense programme of publication and research, and in 2002 at the age of 68 he defended a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] thesis in [[psychology]] on the validation of a scale for [[Prolonged grief disorder|complicated grief.]]{{Cite book |last=Marc Louis Bourgeois |title=Les deuils pathologiques : traduction et validation de l'Inventaire de "deuil compliqué" (Inventory of complicated grief, de H.G. Prigerson et al., 1995-1996) chez 107 patients psychiatriques hospitalisés et 100 témoins de la population générale : comparaison avec l'échelle T.R.I.G. (Texas revised inventory of grief, Faschingbauer et al., 1983). Thèse de Doctorat de Psychologie |year=2002 |location=Université de Bordeaux}} |
After successfully passing the agrégation examination, Marc Bourgeois left for the USA in 1977 to work for a year at [[Stanford University]]. There he developed an international academic network that he would maintain throughout his career. From 1981, following the departure of Professor Blanc, he became head of one of the two adult university psychiatry departments at Charles Perrens Hospital, and was in charge of patients from the Caudéran-Le Bouscat suburbs of Bordeaux. Upon leaving the hospital in 1999, he continued to practise privately. He also pursued an intense programme of publication and research, and in 2002 at the age of 68 he defended a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] thesis in [[psychology]] on the validation of a scale for [[Prolonged grief disorder|complicated grief.]]{{Cite book |last=Marc Louis Bourgeois |title=Les deuils pathologiques : traduction et validation de l'Inventaire de "deuil compliqué" (Inventory of complicated grief, de H.G. Prigerson et al., 1995-1996) chez 107 patients psychiatriques hospitalisés et 100 témoins de la population générale : comparaison avec l'échelle T.R.I.G. (Texas revised inventory of grief, Faschingbauer et al., 1983). Thèse de Doctorat de Psychologie |year=2002 |location=Université de Bordeaux}} |
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