Chernoff face

[[File:Chernoff faces for evaluations of US judges.svg|thumb|This example shows Chernoff faces for lawyers' ratings of twelve judges]]

[[File:Chernoff faces for evaluations of US judges.svg|thumb|This example shows Chernoff faces for lawyers' ratings of twelve judges]]

'''Chernoff faces''', invented by applied mathematician, statistician, and physicist [[Herman Chernoff]] in 1973, display [[multivariate statistics|multivariate]] data in the shape of a human face. The individual parts, such as eyes, ears, mouth, and nose represent values of the variables by their shape, size, placement, and orientation. The idea behind using faces is that humans easily recognize faces and notice small changes without difficulty. Chernoff faces handle each variable differently. Because the features of the faces vary in perceived importance, the way in which variables are mapped to the features should be carefully chosen (e.g. eye size and [[eyebrow]]-slant have been found to carry significant weight)."An Experimental Analysis of the Pre-Attentiveness of Features in Chernoff Faces", Morris CJ, Ebert DS, [[Penny Rheingans|Rheingans P.]] 1999; published by the conference "Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition: 3D Visualization for Data Exploration and Decision Making". http://www.research.ibm.com/people/c/cjmorris/publications/Chernoff_990402.pdf {{doi|10.1117/12.384865}}

'''Chernoff faces''', invented by applied mathematician, statistician, and physicist [[Herman Chernoff]] in 1973, display [[multivariate statistics|multivariate]] data in the shape of a human face. The individual parts, such as eyes, ears, mouth, and nose, represent values of the variables by their shape, size, placement, and orientation. The idea behind using faces is that humans readily recognize them and notice small changes. Chernoff faces handle each variable differently. Because the features of the faces vary in perceived importance, the way variables are mapped to features should be carefully chosen (e.g., eye size and [[eyebrow]] slant have been found to carry significant weight).{{cite conference |last1=Morris |first1=Christopher J. |last2=Ebert |first2=David S. |last3=Rheingans |first3=Penny L. |author-link3=Penny Rheingans |date=2000 |title=Experimental analysis of the effectiveness of features in Chernoff faces |book-title=Proceedings Volume 3905, 28th AIPR Workshop: 3D Visualization for Data Exploration and Decision Making |doi=10.1117/12.384865}}</ref> [[Robert J. K. Jacob]] used Chernoff faces to encode multivariate data for rapid visual parsing.{{cite news |last=Rousuck |first=J. Wynn |date=August 25, 1974 |title=Computer Faces That 'Talk' |newspaper=The Sun |location=Baltimore, MD |page=M12}}

==Detail==

==Detail==

==Other sources==

==Other sources==

* {{cite journal|author=Herman Chernoff |title=The Use of Faces to Represent Points in K-Dimensional Space Graphically |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association |year=1973 |volume=68 |issue=342 |pages=361–368 |doi=10.2307/2284077 |jstor=2284077 |publisher=American Statistical Association |url=http://www.apprendre-en-ligne.net/mathematica/3.3/chernoff.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415030406/http://www.apprendre-en-ligne.net/mathematica/3.3/chernoff.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-15 |author-link=Herman Chernoff }}

* {{cite journal|first=Herman |last=Chernoff |title=The Use of Faces to Represent Points in K-Dimensional Space Graphically |journal=Journal of the American Statistical Association |year=1973 |volume=68 |issue=342 |pages=361–368 |doi=10.2307/2284077 |jstor=2284077 |publisher=American Statistical Association |url=http://www.apprendre-en-ligne.net/mathematica/3.3/chernoff.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415030406/http://www.apprendre-en-ligne.net/mathematica/3.3/chernoff.pdf |archivedate=2012-04-15 |author-link=Herman Chernoff |ref=none }}

==Further reading==

==Further reading==