Banjar people

The Banjars form the major indigenous group within the southern coast of the South Kalimantan region, which is rich in history, traditional heritage, and various [[folk costume|attire]] and language as well as customs. Beginning from their earliest Animist-Buddhist-Hindu kingdoms of [[Negara Dipa]] and [[Negara Daha]], followed by the establishment of the [[Sultanate of Banjar]] in the 16th century after the massive Islamisation and subsequent [[European colonisation of Southeast Asia|interactions with the Europeans]] through both the British and the Dutch following the arrivals of the English [[East India Company]] (EIC) and the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) in 1602 and 1603,{{cite news|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/221929/reviewing-history-of-banjarmasin-through-sultan-suriansyah-mosque|title=Reviewing history of Banjarmasin through Sultan Suriansyah Mosque|last1=Haryati|first1=Sri|last2=Nasution|first2=Rahmad|work=[[Antara (news agency)|Antara]]|date=26 March 2022|access-date=28 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327225553/https://en.antaranews.com/news/221929/reviewing-history-of-banjarmasin-through-sultan-suriansyah-mosque|archive-date=27 March 2026|url-status=live}}{{sfn|Higginbotham & Company|1875|p=435}}{{sfn|Turner|1995|p=783}} which resulted in their rapid subsequent modernisation in the late 19th century through transition from a river-based [[agrarian society]] to a more integrated, urbanised, and administratively diverse community after the abolition of their sultanate by the Dutch in 1860.{{sfn|Idwar Saleh|1975|p=138}}{{sfn|Hall|2014|pp=229–262}}{{sfn|Vania Michiani|Asano|2016|pp=418–419}}

The Banjars form the major indigenous group within the southern coast of the South Kalimantan region, which is rich in history, traditional heritage, and various [[folk costume|attire]] and language as well as customs. Beginning from their earliest Animist-Buddhist-Hindu kingdoms of [[Negara Dipa]] and [[Negara Daha]], followed by the establishment of the [[Sultanate of Banjar]] in the 16th century after the massive Islamisation and subsequent [[European colonisation of Southeast Asia|interactions with the Europeans]] through both the British and the Dutch following the arrivals of the English [[East India Company]] (EIC) and the [[Dutch East India Company]] (VOC) in 1602 and 1603,{{cite news|url=https://en.antaranews.com/news/221929/reviewing-history-of-banjarmasin-through-sultan-suriansyah-mosque|title=Reviewing history of Banjarmasin through Sultan Suriansyah Mosque|last1=Haryati|first1=Sri|last2=Nasution|first2=Rahmad|work=[[Antara (news agency)|Antara]]|date=26 March 2022|access-date=28 March 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260327225553/https://en.antaranews.com/news/221929/reviewing-history-of-banjarmasin-through-sultan-suriansyah-mosque|archive-date=27 March 2026|url-status=live}}{{sfn|Higginbotham & Company|1875|p=435}}{{sfn|Turner|1995|p=783}} which resulted in their rapid subsequent modernisation in the late 19th century through transition from a river-based [[agrarian society]] to a more integrated, urbanised, and administratively diverse community after the abolition of their sultanate by the Dutch in 1860.{{sfn|Idwar Saleh|1975|p=138}}{{sfn|Hall|2014|pp=229–262}}{{sfn|Vania Michiani|Asano|2016|pp=418–419}}

They are further divided into three distinct sub-ethnics known as the Batang Banyu Banjar, Kuala Banjar, and Pahuluan Banjar and are acknowledged to be heavily influenced by both Malay and Dayak languages through [[phonological]] and [[morphological]] perspectives, with Banjar within the region classified into two main linguistic types: the Hulu Banjar and Kuala Banjar.{{cite news|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/95257/pengaruh-melayu-dan-dayak-dalam-bahasa-banjar|title=Pengaruh Melayu dan Dayak dalam Bahasa Banjar|trans-title=Malay and Dayak Influence in Banjar Language|last1=Zainuddin|first1=Hasan|author2=Suryanto|lang=id|work=Antara|date=3 March 2008|access-date=19 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419035537/https://www.antaranews.com/berita/95257/pengaruh-melayu-dan-dayak-dalam-bahasa-banjar|archive-date=19 April 2026|url-status=live}}{{sfn|Hidayatur Rafiqoh|2025|p=5}} The Pahuluan Banjar (Hulu Banjar) inhabits the upper lands and [[hills]] known for their agricultural areas, with a rather stiff, short, loud and fast dialect, while Kuala Banjar mostly inhabits the river banks, islands, estuaries and hamlets with a dialect that flows and meanders, which is not loud and very fast, with the differences not being too striking, perhaps only in the use of some [[vocabulary]], so between these two areas of language character there is no difficulty in communication or in conversation. The Batang Banyu dialect, meanwhile, is a distinct variant of the Banjarese language, featuring unique vocabulary and [[pronunciations]] that differ from the two major dialects of Kuala Banjar and Hulu Banjar.{{sfn|Hidayatur Rafiqoh|2025|p=5}}{{sfn|Kamariah|Kisyani|Mintowati|2022|p=27}}

They are further divided into three distinct sub-ethnics known as the Batang Banyu Banjar, Kuala Banjar, and Pahuluan Banjar and are acknowledged to be heavily influenced by both Malay and Dayak languages through [[phonological]] and [[morphological]] perspectives, with Banjar within the region classified into two main linguistic types: the Hulu Banjar and Kuala Banjar.{{cite news|url=https://www.antaranews.com/berita/95257/pengaruh-melayu-dan-dayak-dalam-bahasa-banjar|title=Pengaruh Melayu dan Dayak dalam Bahasa Banjar|trans-title=Malay and Dayak Influence in Banjar Language|last1=Zainuddin|first1=Hasan|author2=Suryanto|lang=id|work=Antara|date=3 March 2008|access-date=19 April 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260419035537/https://www.antaranews.com/berita/95257/pengaruh-melayu-dan-dayak-dalam-bahasa-banjar|archive-date=19 April 2026|url-status=live}}{{sfn|Hidayatur Rafiqoh|2025|p=5}} The Pahuluan Banjar (Hulu Banjar) inhabits the upper lands and [[hills]] known for their agricultural areas, with a rather stiff, short, loud and fast dialect, while Kuala Banjar mostly inhabits the river banks, islands, estuaries and hamlets with a dialect that flows and meanders, which is not loud and very fast, with the differences not being too striking, perhaps only in the use of some [[vocabulary]], resulting in the two language dialect speakers having no difficulty in communication or in conversation. The Batang Banyu dialect, meanwhile, is a distinct variant of the Banjarese language, featuring unique vocabulary and [[pronunciations]] that differ from the two major dialects of Kuala Banjar and Hulu Banjar.{{sfn|Hidayatur Rafiqoh|2025|p=5}}{{sfn|Kamariah|Kisyani|Mintowati|2022|p=27}}

== Etymology ==

== Etymology ==