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The White Armies comprised a number of different groups, who operated independently and did not share a single ideology or political goal. Their leaders were conservative or moderate generals and political leaders, each with different goals and plans to achieve them, and most of these armies did not coordinate their actions. The chain of command in each, as well as individual members, differed from experienced veterans of [[World War I]] to fresh volunteers.[[https://elan-kazak.ru/sites/default/files/IMAGES/ARHIV/Periodika/chasovoy/1932/79.pdf Двухнедѣльный военный и военно-морской журналъ «Часовой»: органъ связи русскаго воинства за рубежомъ подъ ред. В. В. Орѣхова и Евгенія Тарусскаго, — Paris, 1 мая 1932. — № 79.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217052020/http://elan-kazak.ru/sites/default/files/IMAGES/ARHIV/Periodika/chasovoy/1932/79.pdf |date=2010-12-17 }}] |
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The White Armies comprised a number of different groups, who operated independently and did not share a single ideology or political goal. Their leaders were conservative or moderate generals and political leaders, each with different goals and plans to achieve them, and most of these armies did not coordinate their actions. The chain of command in each, as well as individual members, differed from experienced veterans of [[World War I]] to fresh volunteers.[[https://elan-kazak.ru/sites/default/files/IMAGES/ARHIV/Periodika/chasovoy/1932/79.pdf Двухнедѣльный военный и военно-морской журналъ «Часовой»: органъ связи русскаго воинства за рубежомъ подъ ред. В. В. Орѣхова и Евгенія Тарусскаго, — Paris, 1 мая 1932. — № 79.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217052020/http://elan-kazak.ru/sites/default/files/IMAGES/ARHIV/Periodika/chasovoy/1932/79.pdf |date=2010-12-17 }}] |
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The White Guards, in addition to directly fighting with the Reds as well as the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|Makhnovtsi]], carried out the [[White Terror (Russia)|White Terror]], taking part in mass executions, including assisting allied foreign interventionists (for example, 257 civilians were killed in 1919 in the course of the struggle in the village of [[Ivanovka, Russia|Ivanovka]] of the [[Japanese intervention in Siberia|Japanese Army]] and the White Guards against the [[Bolsheviks|pro-Bolshevik]] detachments of partisans).[{{Cite web |url=https://www.nakanune.ru/articles/112546/ |title=Article by Elena Kiryakova. "In the Course of the White Terror, Everyone was Chopped Off, Including Women and Children" |access-date=25 February 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803011228/http://www.nakanune.ru/articles/112546 |url-status=live }}] The overall number of people killed in the White Terror is significantly less than that in the Bolshevik [[Red Terror]], which drastically differed from its counterpart as it was deliberately organized and run by Bolshevik leaders. However, the total estimates for the White Terror are difficult to ascertain due to the role of multiple administrations and violence perpetrated by undisciplined, independent ([[White movement]]) forces. |
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The White Guards, in addition to directly fighting with the Reds as well as the [[Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine|Makhnovtsi]], carried out the [[White Terror (Russia)|White Terror]], taking part in mass executions, including assisting allied foreign interventionists (for example, 257 civilians were killed in 1919 in the course of the struggle in the village of [[Ivanovka, Russia|Ivanovka]] of the [[Japanese intervention in Siberia|Japanese Army]] and the White Guards against the [[Bolsheviks|pro-Bolshevik]] detachments of partisans).[{{Cite web |url=https://www.nakanune.ru/articles/112546/ |title=Article by Elena Kiryakova. "In the Course of the White Terror, Everyone was Chopped Off, Including Women and Children" |access-date=25 February 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803011228/http://www.nakanune.ru/articles/112546 |url-status=live }}] |
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Historian [[Ronald Suny]] notes that a higher proportion of [[anti-semitic]] attacks were committed by the White military, which accounted for 17% of the anti-Jewish atrocities during the Russian Civil War.[{{cite book |last1=Suny |first1=Ronald |title=Red Flag Unfurled: History, Historians, and the Russian Revolution |date=14 November 2017 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78478-566-6 |pages=1–320 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm7nDwAAQBAJ&dq=Red+terror+consensus&pg=PT319 |language=en}}] Suny stated that the casualties of the White Terror would have exceeded the Red Terror with the inclusion of [[anti-Soviet]] violence and Jewish [[pogroms]] into the death toll.[{{cite book |last1=Liebman |first1=Marcel |title=Leninism under Lenin |date=1975 |publisher=London : J. Cape |isbn=978-0-224-01072-6 |pages=313–314 |url=https://archive.org/details/leninismunderlen0000lieb_f2h6/page/313/mode/1up}}] |
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Historian [[Ronald Suny]] notes that a higher proportion of [[anti-semitic]] attacks were committed by the White military, which accounted for 17% of the anti-Jewish atrocities during the Russian Civil War.[{{cite book |last1=Suny |first1=Ronald |title=Red Flag Unfurled: History, Historians, and the Russian Revolution |date=14 November 2017 |publisher=Verso Books |isbn=978-1-78478-566-6 |pages=1–320 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Nm7nDwAAQBAJ&dq=Red+terror+consensus&pg=PT319 |language=en}}] Suny stated that the casualties of the White Terror would have exceeded the Red Terror with the inclusion of [[anti-Soviet]] violence and Jewish [[pogroms]] into the death toll.[{{cite book |last1=Liebman |first1=Marcel |title=Leninism under Lenin |date=1975 |publisher=London : J. Cape |isbn=978-0-224-01072-6 |pages=313–314 |url=https://archive.org/details/leninismunderlen0000lieb_f2h6/page/313/mode/1up}}] |
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