Swadeshi movement
Timeline
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* '''Second Swadeshi Movement (1918–1947)''': The movement gained further momentum in 1918 when [[Mahatma Gandhi]] introduced the Patti Charkha in Mumbai, presenting it as a new symbol and tool of the Swadeshi movement and took a pledge to boycott foreign goods by burning 150,000 English cloths at Elpinstone Mill Compound, Parel, Mumbai on 31 July 1921.{{Cite web |title=mahatma-gandhis-speeches-swadeshi-bombay-july-1921|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/digital-district-repository/district-repository/mahatma-gandhis-speeches-swadeshi-bombay-july-1921|website=Indian Culture.gov.in|access-date=5 August 2025}} Mahatma Gandhi organised [[Khadi]] spinning centres all over the country and branded Khadi spinners as freedom fighters.{{cite web |date=14 May 2020 |title=History of Khadi – A Symbol of Indian Freedom Struggle |url=http://khadivastram.com/blog/history-of-khadi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924060108/http://khadivastram.com/blog/history-of-khadi/ |archive-date=24 September 2021 |access-date=14 May 2020 |publisher=Khadivastram}} Indians started ditching British goods for Indian products, even though they were costlier. The impact was strong with British seeing 20% fall in its product sales. |
* '''Second Swadeshi Movement (1918–1947)''': The movement gained further momentum in 1918 when [[Mahatma Gandhi]] introduced the Patti Charkha in Mumbai, presenting it as a new symbol and tool of the Swadeshi movement and took a pledge to boycott foreign goods by burning 150,000 English cloths at Elpinstone Mill Compound, Parel, Mumbai on 31 July 1921.{{Cite web |title=mahatma-gandhis-speeches-swadeshi-bombay-july-1921|url=https://indianculture.gov.in/digital-district-repository/district-repository/mahatma-gandhis-speeches-swadeshi-bombay-july-1921|website=Indian Culture.gov.in|access-date=5 August 2025}} Mahatma Gandhi organised [[Khadi]] spinning centres all over the country and branded Khadi spinners as freedom fighters.{{cite web |date=14 May 2020 |title=History of Khadi – A Symbol of Indian Freedom Struggle |url=http://khadivastram.com/blog/history-of-khadi/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924060108/http://khadivastram.com/blog/history-of-khadi/ |archive-date=24 September 2021 |access-date=14 May 2020 |publisher=Khadivastram}} Indians started ditching British goods for Indian products, even though they were costlier. The impact was strong with British seeing 20% fall in its product sales. |
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* '''Third Swadeshi Movement (1947–1991)''': Indian Government under [[Nehruvian socialism|Nehruvian Socialism]] and successive Prime Ministers focused on import substitution, public sector expansion, and protectionist policies to promote Indian self-reliance leading to the establishment of heavy industries, scientific institutions, and a planned economy aimed at economic sovereignty.{{Cite web|title=Nehru's Economic Policies in India|url=https://www.ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2305852.pdf|publisher=IJNRD|access-date=5 August 2025}} In the post-independence era, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and its many affiliates have also adopted Swadeshi as their central economic principle, although they have not always advocated for protectionism and cutting off the processes of globalisation.{{Cite journal |last=Narayan |first=Saarang |date=2025-11-04 |title=Swadeshi globalization: Dattopant Thengadi's Hindu Nationalist path for globalization in late twentieth-century India |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2025.2573111 |journal=Globalizations |volume=0 |issue=0 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1080/14747731.2025.2573111 |issn=1474-7731|doi-access=free }} |
* '''Third Swadeshi Movement (1947–1991)''': Indian Government under [[Nehruvian socialism|Nehruvian Socialism]] and successive Prime Ministers focused on import substitution, public sector expansion, and protectionist policies to promote Indian self-reliance leading to the establishment of heavy industries, scientific institutions, and a planned economy aimed at economic sovereignty.{{Cite web|title=Nehru's Economic Policies in India|url=https://www.ijnrd.org/papers/IJNRD2305852.pdf|publisher=IJNRD|access-date=5 August 2025}} In the post-independence era, the [[Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh]] and its many affiliates have also adopted Swadeshi as their central economic principle, although they have not always advocated for protectionism and cutting off the processes of globalisation.{{Cite journal |last=Narayan |first=Saarang |date=2025-11-04 |title=Swadeshi globalization: Dattopant Thengadi's Hindu Nationalist path for globalization in late twentieth-century India |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/14747731.2025.2573111 |journal=Globalizations |volume=0 |issue=0 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1080/14747731.2025.2573111 |issn=1474-7731|doi-access=free }} |
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* '''Fourth Swadeshi Movement ( |
* '''Fourth Swadeshi Movement (1991–present)''': Initiated by P.M [[P.V. Narasimha Rao]] with Finance Minister Dr. [[Manmohan Singh]] shifted to liberalisation, privatisation, and globalisation—encouraging Indian businesses to become globally competitive which impacted a marked new Swadeshi phase where Indian entrepreneurs like [[Infosys]], [[Wipro]], and [[Tata Group|Tata]] emerged as global players while opening the economy.{{Cite book|title=1991 How P. V Narasimha Rao made history|first=Sanjaya|last=Baru|url=https://www.amazon.in/gp/aw/d/9384067687/|publisher=Aleph Books|isbn=9789384067687}} Since 2014, led by PM [[Narendra Modi]] through campaigns like [[Make in India]], [[Atmanirbhar Bharat]], and [[Vocal for Local]]{{Cite web|title=What is Vocal for Local? How is the government aiding local artisans?|url=https://www.narendramodi.in/what-is-vocal-for-local-how-is-the-government-aiding-local-artisans-579458|publisher=Narendra Modi.in|access-date=5 August 2025}} emphasised manufacturing within India, reducing foreign dependence, and promoting indigenous startups and [[MSME]]s which revitalised public discourse around economic nationalism and Swadeshi values through digital platforms and policy reforms.{{Cite book|title=JOURNEY OF A NATION: 75 YEARS OF INDIAN ECONOMY Re-emerge, Reinvest, Re-engage|first=Sanjaya|last=Baru|url=https://www.amazon.in/JOURNEY-NATION-Re-emerge-Reinvest-Re-engage-ebook/dp/B0B7NQYDVC|publisher=Rupa Books|isbn=9789355203854}}{{Cite web|title=Make-in-India, Vocal for Local new icons of Bapu's Swadeshi idea: Amit Shah|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/make-in-india-vocal-for-local-new-icons-of-bapus-swadeshi-idea-amit-shah/articleshow/89230862.cms|publisher=Times of India|access-date=5 August 2025}} |
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=={{anchor|Legacy and influences|In popular media|Swadeshi After Independence|NHD}}Influence== |
=={{anchor|Legacy and influences|In popular media|Swadeshi After Independence|NHD}}Influence== |
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