Self-control

===Counteractive self-control===

===Counteractive self-control===

Counteractive self-control theory focuses on how desires interact with goals. [[Desire]] is an affectively charged motivation toward a certain object, person, or activity, often, but not limited to, one associated with pleasure or relief from displeasure.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kavanagh DJ, Andrade J, May J | title = Imaginary relish and exquisite torture: the elaborated intrusion theory of desire | journal = Psychological Review | volume = 112 | issue = 2 | pages = 446–467 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15783293 | doi = 10.1037/0033-295X.112.2.446 | hdl = 10026.1/988 | url = http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/509/1/mayj7.pdf | hdl-access = free | access-date = 2024-03-15 | archive-date = 2024-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240612000958/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/509/1/mayj7.pdf | url-status = live }} Desires differ in their intensity and longevity. A desire becomes a [[temptation]] when pursuing it would conflict with an individual’s goals.{{cite journal | vauthors = Hofmann W, Baumeister RF, Förster G, Vohs KD | title = Everyday temptations: an experience sampling study of desire, conflict, and self-control | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 102 | issue = 6 | pages = 1318–1335 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22149456 | doi = 10.1037/a0026545 | s2cid = 6840182 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Hofmann W, Van Dillen L |year=2012 |title= Desire: The new hot spot in self-control research |journal= Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume= 21 |issue=5 |pages= 317–22 |doi= 10.1177/0963721412453587 |s2cid=220399022 }} One limitation in researching desire is that people experience a wide variety of desires, which differ in frequency, strength, and relevance to personal goals. In a large experience-sampling study, 7,827 desire reports were collected over one week, capturing variation in desire intensity, the degree of conflict with other goals, and the likelihood of resisting a desire successfully. The most common and strongly felt desires were those related to bodily needs such as eating, drinking, and sleeping.{{cite journal | vauthors = Hofmann W, Vohs KD, Baumeister RF | title = What people desire, feel conflicted about, and try to resist in everyday life | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 582–588 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22547657 | doi = 10.1177/0956797612437426 | s2cid = 24158524 }}

Counteractive self-control theory focuses on how desires interact with goals. Counteractive self-control theory proposes that people activate self-control mechanisms when they encounter temptations that threaten their long-term goals. [[Desire]] is an affectively charged motivation toward a certain object, person, or activity, often, but not limited to, one associated with pleasure or relief from displeasure.{{cite journal | vauthors = Kavanagh DJ, Andrade J, May J | title = Imaginary relish and exquisite torture: the elaborated intrusion theory of desire | journal = Psychological Review | volume = 112 | issue = 2 | pages = 446–467 | date = April 2005 | pmid = 15783293 | doi = 10.1037/0033-295X.112.2.446 | hdl = 10026.1/988 | url = http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/509/1/mayj7.pdf | hdl-access = free | access-date = 2024-03-15 | archive-date = 2024-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240612000958/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/509/1/mayj7.pdf | url-status = live }} Desires differ in their intensity and longevity. A desire becomes a [[temptation]] when pursuing it would conflict with an individual’s goals.{{cite journal | vauthors = Hofmann W, Baumeister RF, Förster G, Vohs KD | title = Everyday temptations: an experience sampling study of desire, conflict, and self-control | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 102 | issue = 6 | pages = 1318–1335 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22149456 | doi = 10.1037/a0026545 | s2cid = 6840182 }}{{cite journal | vauthors = Hofmann W, Van Dillen L |year=2012 |title= Desire: The new hot spot in self-control research |journal= Current Directions in Psychological Science |volume= 21 |issue=5 |pages= 317–22 |doi= 10.1177/0963721412453587 |s2cid=220399022 }} One limitation in researching desire is that people experience a wide variety of desires, which differ in frequency, strength, and relevance to personal goals. In a large experience-sampling study, 7,827 desire reports were collected over one week, capturing variation in desire intensity, the degree of conflict with other goals, and the likelihood of resisting a desire successfully. The most common and strongly felt desires were those related to bodily needs such as eating, drinking, and sleeping.{{cite journal | vauthors = Hofmann W, Vohs KD, Baumeister RF | title = What people desire, feel conflicted about, and try to resist in everyday life | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 23 | issue = 6 | pages = 582–588 | date = June 2012 | pmid = 22547657 | doi = 10.1177/0956797612437426 | s2cid = 24158524 }}

Self-control dilemmas occur when long-term goals clash with short-term outcomes. Counteractive Self-Control Theory states that when presented with such a dilemma, we lessen the significance of the instant rewards while momentarily increasing the importance of our overall values.{{Cite journal |last1=Trope |first1=Yaacov |last2=Fishbach |first2=Ayelet |date=2000 |title=Counteractive self-control in overcoming temptation. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.493 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |language=en |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=493–506 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.493 |pmid=11045735 |issn=1939-1315|url-access=subscription }} When asked to rate the perceived appeal of different snacks before making a decision, people valued health bars over chocolate bars. However, when asked to do the rankings after having chosen a snack, there was no significant difference of appeal.{{cite journal | vauthors = Myrseth KO, Fishbach A, Trope Y | title = Counteractive self-control | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–163 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19170939 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02268.x | s2cid = 40224982 }} Further, when college students completed a questionnaire prior to their course registration deadline, they ranked leisure activities as less important and enjoyable than when they filled out the survey after the deadline passed. The stronger and more available the temptation is, the harsher the devaluation will be.{{cite book | vauthors = Fishbach A, Trope Y | date = 2008 | chapter = Implicit and explicit counteractive self-control | veditors = Shah JY, Gardner WL | title = Handbook of motivation science | pages = 281–94 | location = New York| publisher = Guilford Press }}

Self-control dilemmas occur when long-term goals clash with short-term outcomes. Counteractive Self-Control Theory states that when presented with such a dilemma, we lessen the significance of the instant rewards while momentarily increasing the importance of our overall values.{{Cite journal |last1=Trope |first1=Yaacov |last2=Fishbach |first2=Ayelet |date=2000 |title=Counteractive self-control in overcoming temptation. |url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.493 |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |language=en |volume=79 |issue=4 |pages=493–506 |doi=10.1037/0022-3514.79.4.493 |pmid=11045735 |issn=1939-1315|url-access=subscription }} When asked to rate the perceived appeal of different snacks before making a decision, people valued health bars over chocolate bars. However, when asked to do the rankings after having chosen a snack, there was no significant difference of appeal.{{cite journal | vauthors = Myrseth KO, Fishbach A, Trope Y | title = Counteractive self-control | journal = Psychological Science | volume = 20 | issue = 2 | pages = 159–163 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19170939 | doi = 10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02268.x | s2cid = 40224982 }} Further, when college students completed a questionnaire prior to their course registration deadline, they ranked leisure activities as less important and enjoyable than when they filled out the survey after the deadline passed. The stronger and more available the temptation is, the harsher the devaluation will be.{{cite book | vauthors = Fishbach A, Trope Y | date = 2008 | chapter = Implicit and explicit counteractive self-control | veditors = Shah JY, Gardner WL | title = Handbook of motivation science | pages = 281–94 | location = New York| publisher = Guilford Press }}