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The expedition resulted with France losing more troops in Saint-Domingue than during the later [[Battle of Waterloo]].[{{Cite news |last1=Méheut |first1=Constant |last2=Porter |first2=Catherine |last3=Gebrekidan |first3=Selam |last4=Apuzzo |first4=Matt |date=2022-05-20 |title=Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html |access-date=2022-05-24 |issn=0362-4331}}] Little more than 7,000 to 8,000 of the 31,000 soldiers sent to Saint-Domingue survived and over 20 French generals died. On 1 January 1804 Dessalines proclaimed the colony of Saint-Domingue to be the second independent state in the Americas, under the name of Haiti, and was first made governor general for life before (on 6 October 1804) being crowned emperor as Jacques I. Over 3,000, including women and children, were killed under his supervision in the [[1804 Haiti Massacre]].[{{Cite book |last=Girard |first=Philippe |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Haiti/pExfEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dessalines%201804%20massacre&pg=PT86&printsec=frontcover |title=Haiti: The Tumultuous History—From Pearl of the Caribbean to Broken Nation |date=2010-09-14 |publisher=Macmillan + ORM |isbn=978-0-230-11290-2 |language=en}}] He followed a system of ''"caporalisme agraire"'' or [[serfdom]] that did not include slavery ''per se'' but was still aimed at maintaining sugar industry profits by force. Dessalines was assassinated on 17 October 1806 and the country split into a kingdom in the north under Christophe as Henri I and a republic in the south under [[Alexandre Pétion]]. In 1825 [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] of France began the [[Haiti indemnity controversy]] when he demanded of 150 million gold francs from the young republic in return for France recognising its independence.[{{Cite book |last=Daut |first=Marlene L. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Haitian_Revolutionary_Fictions/tdhNEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Haiti+France+indemnity+150+Charles&pg=PT262&printsec=frontcover |title=Haitian Revolutionary Fictions: An Anthology |last2=Pierrot |first2=Grégory |last3=Rohrleitner |first3=Marion C. |date=2022-01-25 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |isbn=978-0-8139-4571-2 |language=en}}] This debt to France was reduced to 90 million in 1838[{{Cite book |last=Dupuy |first=Alex |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Haiti_since_1804/yeDwEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Haiti+France+indemnity+reduced+1838&pg=PA24&printsec=frontcover |title=Haiti since 1804: Critical Perspectives on Class, Power, and Gender |date=2024-01-06 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |isbn=978-1-5381-8827-9 |language=en}}] and was finally paid off in 1947.[{{Cite book |last=Hawkins |first=Tom |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hacking_Classical_Forms_in_Haitian_Liter/Uy7KEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Haiti+France+indemnity+paid+off+1947&pg=PA2014&printsec=frontcover |title=Hacking Classical Forms in Haitian Literature |date=2023-10-31 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-93638-4 |language=en}}] |
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The expedition resulted with France losing more troops in Saint-Domingue than during the later [[Battle of Waterloo]].[{{Cite news |last1=Méheut |first1=Constant |last2=Porter |first2=Catherine |last3=Gebrekidan |first3=Selam |last4=Apuzzo |first4=Matt |date=2022-05-20 |title=Demanding Reparations, and Ending Up in Exile |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/05/20/world/americas/haiti-aristide-reparations-france.html |access-date=2022-05-24 |issn=0362-4331}}] Little more than 7,000 to 8,000 of the 31,000 soldiers sent to Saint-Domingue survived and over 20 French generals died. On 1 January 1804 Dessalines proclaimed the colony of Saint-Domingue to be the second independent state in the Americas, under the name of Haiti, and was first made governor general for life before (on 6 October 1804) being crowned emperor as Jacques I. Over 3,000 whites, including women and children, were killed under his supervision in the [[1804 Haiti Massacre]].[{{Cite book |last=Girard |first=Philippe |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Haiti/pExfEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dessalines%201804%20massacre&pg=PT86&printsec=frontcover |title=Haiti: The Tumultuous History—From Pearl of the Caribbean to Broken Nation |date=2010-09-14 |publisher=Macmillan + ORM |isbn=978-0-230-11290-2 |language=en}}] He followed a system of ''"caporalisme agraire"'' or [[serfdom]] that did not include slavery ''per se'' but was still aimed at maintaining sugar industry profits by force. Dessalines was assassinated on 17 October 1806 and the country split into a kingdom in the north under Christophe as Henri I and a republic in the south under [[Alexandre Pétion]]. In 1825 [[Charles X of France|Charles X]] of France began the [[Haiti indemnity controversy]] when he demanded of 150 million gold francs from the young republic in return for France recognising its independence.[{{Cite book |last=Daut |first=Marlene L. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Haitian_Revolutionary_Fictions/tdhNEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Haiti+France+indemnity+150+Charles&pg=PT262&printsec=frontcover |title=Haitian Revolutionary Fictions: An Anthology |last2=Pierrot |first2=Grégory |last3=Rohrleitner |first3=Marion C. |date=2022-01-25 |publisher=University of Virginia Press |isbn=978-0-8139-4571-2 |language=en}}] This debt to France was reduced to 90 million in 1838[{{Cite book |last=Dupuy |first=Alex |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Haiti_since_1804/yeDwEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Haiti+France+indemnity+reduced+1838&pg=PA24&printsec=frontcover |title=Haiti since 1804: Critical Perspectives on Class, Power, and Gender |date=2024-01-06 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing PLC |isbn=978-1-5381-8827-9 |language=en}}] and was finally paid off in 1947.[{{Cite book |last=Hawkins |first=Tom |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Hacking_Classical_Forms_in_Haitian_Liter/Uy7KEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Haiti+France+indemnity+paid+off+1947&pg=PA2014&printsec=frontcover |title=Hacking Classical Forms in Haitian Literature |date=2023-10-31 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-000-93638-4 |language=en}}] |
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