Low arousal theory

==Antisocial personality disorder==

==Antisocial personality disorder==

[[Antisocial personality disorder]] (ASPD) is characterized by repeated deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, and aggressiveness since 15 years old. Persons diagnosed with this disorder{{cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |date=2013 |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |edition=5th |location=Washington, DC |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-554-1 |oclc=830807378 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse }}{{page needed |date=November 2016}} often score low on [[fear conditioning]].{{cite book |last1=Sue |first1=David |last2=Sue |first2=Derald Wing |last3=Sue |first3=Stanley |date=2005 |chapter=Personality Psychopathology |title=Essentials of Understanding Abnormal Behavior |page=400 |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |oclc=61747799 |isbn=978-0-618-37633-9 }} The lack of the empathy associated with ASPD is thought to be linked to the low arousal theory. A study conducted showed that people diagnosed with ASPD showed less physiological arousal to pictures of people crying than people who were not.{{cite book |last1=Butcher |first1=J. |last2=Mineka |first2=S. |date=2014 |chapter=Personality Disorders |title=Abnormal Psychology |edition=16th |editor1-last=Butcher |editor1-first=James N. |editor2-last=Hooley |editor2-first=Jill M. |editor2-link=Jill M. Hooley |editor3-last=Mineka |editor3-first=Susan |pages=359–360 |publisher=Pearson Education |location=Boston |oclc=865162080 |isbn=978-0-205-94428-6 }} ADHD is often a precursor for ASPD. ADHD often co-occurs with conduct disorders 30–50% of the time; this can lead to the development of aggressive behavior which projects a higher likelihood of a person developing ASPD.{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Jeffrey J. |last2=Beckmann |first2=Lacey |last3=Nunes |first3=Edward V. |editor-last=Vostanis |editor-first=Panos |date=2007 |chapter=The Identification, Prevention, and Treatment of Vulnerabilities among Children of Alcohol- or Drug-dependent Parents |title=Mental Health Interventions and Services for Vulnerable Children and Young People |pages=215–216 |location=London |publisher=Jessica Kingsley |oclc=136317556 |isbn=978-1-84310-489-6 }}

[[Antisocial personality disorder]] (ASPD) is characterized by repeated deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability, and aggressiveness since 15 years old. Persons diagnosed with this disorder{{cite book |author=American Psychiatric Association |date=2013 |title=Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders |edition=5th |location=Washington, DC |publisher=American Psychiatric Association Publishing |isbn=978-0-89042-554-1 |oclc=830807378 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/diagnosticstatis0005unse |pp=659-663}} often score low on [[fear conditioning]].{{cite book |last1=Sue |first1=David |last2=Sue |first2=Derald Wing |last3=Sue |first3=Stanley |date=2005 |chapter=Personality Psychopathology |title=Essentials of Understanding Abnormal Behavior |page=400 |location=Boston |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |oclc=61747799 |isbn=978-0-618-37633-9 }} The lack of the empathy associated with ASPD is thought to be linked to the low arousal theory. A study conducted showed that people diagnosed with ASPD showed less physiological arousal to pictures of people crying than people who were not.{{cite book |last1=Butcher |first1=J. |last2=Mineka |first2=S. |date=2014 |chapter=Personality Disorders |title=Abnormal Psychology |edition=16th |editor1-last=Butcher |editor1-first=James N. |editor2-last=Hooley |editor2-first=Jill M. |editor2-link=Jill M. Hooley |editor3-last=Mineka |editor3-first=Susan |pages=359–360 |publisher=Pearson Education |location=Boston |oclc=865162080 |isbn=978-0-205-94428-6 }} ADHD is often a precursor for ASPD. ADHD often co-occurs with conduct disorders 30–50% of the time; this can lead to the development of aggressive behavior which projects a higher likelihood of a person developing ASPD.{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Jeffrey J. |last2=Beckmann |first2=Lacey |last3=Nunes |first3=Edward V. |editor-last=Vostanis |editor-first=Panos |date=2007 |chapter=The Identification, Prevention, and Treatment of Vulnerabilities among Children of Alcohol- or Drug-dependent Parents |title=Mental Health Interventions and Services for Vulnerable Children and Young People |pages=215–216 |location=London |publisher=Jessica Kingsley |oclc=136317556 |isbn=978-1-84310-489-6 }}

==Noise and performance==

==Noise and performance==