Lima Barreto
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'''Afonso Henriques de Lima Barreto''' (13 May 1881 – 1 November 1922) was a Brazilian novelist and journalist. A major figure in Brazilian Pre-[[Modernism]], he is famous for the novel ''[[Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma]]'', a bitter satire of the early years of the [[First Brazilian Republic]].{{ |
'''Afonso Henriques de Lima Barreto''' (13 May 1881 – 1 November 1922) was a Brazilian novelist and journalist. A major figure in Brazilian Pre-[[Modernism]], he is famous for the novel ''[[Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma]]'', a bitter satire of the early years of the [[First Brazilian Republic]].{{Cite news |title=Afonso Henriques de Lima Barreto {{!}} Modernist, Naturalism, Satire |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Afonso-Henriques-de-Lima-Barreto |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260128185358/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Afonso-Henriques-de-Lima-Barreto |archive-date=January 28, 2026 |access-date=April 20, 2026 |work=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}} |
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==Life== |
==Life== |
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Lima Barreto was born on 13 May 1881 in the ''[[bairro]]'' of [[Laranjeiras]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]].{{sfnm|1a1=Barbosa|1y=2017|1p=41|2a1=Schwarcz|2y=2017|2p=21}} He was born on a [[Friday the 13th]], considered [[superstition|superstitiously]] to be an unlucky day, but which he personally considered to bring good luck.{{sfn|Schwarcz|2017|p=21}} His date of birth would also be marked seven years later by the signing of the [[Lei Áurea|Golden Law]], which abolished [[slavery in Brazil]].{{sfn|Schwarcz|2017|p=21}} His father, João Henriques de Lima Barreto, was a typographer and a [[monarchism|monarchist]] who had close connections to [[Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto|Afonso Celso de Assis Figueiredo]], the [[Viscount]] of [[Ouro Preto]], who would later become Lima Barreto's godfather. Barreto's mother, Amália Augusta, died when he was very young, and he was subsequently sent to study at a private school run by Teresa Pimentel do Amaral. Soon after, he entered at the Liceu Popular Niteroiense, after the Viscount of Ouro Preto decided to pay for his studies. He graduated in 1894, and in the following year, he would enter the famous [[Colégio Pedro II (Rio de Janeiro)|Colégio Pedro II]]. Soon after he graduated, he entered the Escola Politécnica do Rio de Janeiro, but was forced to abandon it in 1904 in order to take care of his brothers, since his father's mental health was starting to deteriorate. |
Lima Barreto was born on 13 May 1881 in the ''[[bairro]]'' of [[Laranjeiras]] in [[Rio de Janeiro]].{{sfnm|1a1=Barbosa|1y=2017|1p=41|2a1=Schwarcz|2y=2017|2p=21}} He was born on a [[Friday the 13th]], considered [[superstition|superstitiously]] to be an unlucky day, but which he personally considered to bring good luck.{{sfn|Schwarcz|2017|p=21}} His date of birth would also be marked seven years later by the signing of the [[Lei Áurea|Golden Law]], which abolished [[slavery in Brazil]].{{sfn|Schwarcz|2017|p=21}} His father, João Henriques de Lima Barreto, was a typographer and a [[monarchism|monarchist]] who had close connections to [[Afonso Celso, Viscount of Ouro Preto|Afonso Celso de Assis Figueiredo]], the [[Viscount]] of [[Ouro Preto]], who would later become Lima Barreto's godfather. Barreto's mother, Amália Augusta,{{Cite web |last=Resende |first=Beatriz |title=Lima Barreto |url=https://cronicabrasileira.org.br/autores/14431/lima-barreto |access-date=April 20, 2026 |website=Portal da Crônica Brasileira |language=pt-BR}} died when he was very young, and he was subsequently sent to study at a private school run by Teresa Pimentel do Amaral. Soon after, he entered at the Liceu Popular Niteroiense, after the Viscount of Ouro Preto decided to pay for his studies. He graduated in 1894, and in the following year, he would enter the famous [[Colégio Pedro II (Rio de Janeiro)|Colégio Pedro II]]. Soon after he graduated, he entered the Escola Politécnica do Rio de Janeiro, but was forced to abandon it in 1904 in order to take care of his brothers, since his father's mental health was starting to deteriorate.{{Cite web |last= |date=December 3, 2025 |title=Lima Barreto: o escritor do povo, intérprete do Brasil do pós-abolição |url=https://institutodacor.ong.br/lima-barreto-o-escritor-do-povo-interprete-do-brasil-do-pos-abolicao/ |access-date=April 20, 2026 |website=DACOR |language=pt-BR}}{{Cite web |last=Oliveira |first=André de |date=June 24, 2017 |title=Lima Barreto, uma voz que nasceu negra na literatura |url=https://brasil.elpais.com/brasil/2017/06/23/cultura/1498244164_829345.html |access-date=April 20, 2026 |website=El País Brasil |language=pt-br}} |
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Barreto wrote for newspapers beginning in 1902, but he achieved fame in 1905, writing a series of articles for the ''[[Correio da Manhã (Brazil)|Correio da Manhã]]'' regarding the demolition of [[:pt:Morro do Castelo|Castle Hill]]. In 1911 he founded, together with some friends, the periodical ''Floreal''. Although it only lasted for two issues, it received a warm reception from critics. In 1909 he published his first novel, ''[[Recordações do Escrivão Isaías Caminha]]'', a scathing and semi-autobiographical satire of the Brazilian society. However, his [[masterpiece]] is generally considered to be ''[[Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma]]'', first serialized in 1911, in the ''[[feuilleton]]'' form, then published in hardcover form in 1915.{{cite journal |title=A Postcard to an Anonymous Reader: Lima Barreto's Brazilian Diction in the Magazine Careta |journal=Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies |year=2013 |last=Correa |first=Felipe Botelho |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=70–94 |doi=10.25160/v2.i1/d4 |url=http://ojs.statsbiblioteket.dk/index.php/bras/article/view/7902/6683 |accessdate= |
Barreto wrote for newspapers beginning in 1902, but he achieved fame in 1905, writing a series of articles for the ''[[Correio da Manhã (Brazil)|Correio da Manhã]]'' regarding the demolition of [[:pt:Morro do Castelo|Castle Hill]]. In 1911 he founded, together with some friends, the periodical ''Floreal''. Although it only lasted for two issues, it received a warm reception from critics. In 1909 he published his first novel, ''[[Recordações do Escrivão Isaías Caminha]]'', a scathing and semi-autobiographical satire of the Brazilian society. However, his [[masterpiece]] is generally considered to be ''[[Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma]]'', first serialized in 1911, in the ''[[feuilleton]]'' form, then published in hardcover form in 1915.{{cite journal |title=A Postcard to an Anonymous Reader: Lima Barreto's Brazilian Diction in the Magazine Careta |journal=Brasiliana: Journal for Brazilian Studies |year=2013 |last=Correa |first=Felipe Botelho |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=70–94 |doi=10.25160/v2.i1/d4 |url=http://ojs.statsbiblioteket.dk/index.php/bras/article/view/7902/6683 |accessdate=July 28, 2016 |doi-access=free }} |
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During the last years of his life, Barreto was attacked by heavy bouts of [[depression (mood)|depression]], which led him to [[alcoholism]] and many visits to different [[psychiatric hospital]]s and [[sanatorium]]s.{{Cite web |year=2008 |title=Lima Barreto |url=https://revistapesquisa.fapesp.br/lima-barreto/ |access-date=April 20, 2026 |website=Revista Pesquisa Fapesp |language=pt-br}} He died of a [[heart attack]] in 1922. /> |
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==Style== |
==Style== |
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{{Quote box|width = 20%|align = right|quote = ''Bruzundanga's literature is ruled by cute, rhyming and tasteless sonnets.'' |sstyle=text-align:left|source = '''Os Bruzundangas''', in which Lima Barreto criticizes the Brazilian literature}} |
{{Quote box|width = 20%|align = right|quote = ''Bruzundanga's literature is ruled by cute, rhyming and tasteless sonnets.'' |sstyle=text-align:left|source = '''Os Bruzundangas''', in which Lima Barreto criticizes the Brazilian literature}} |
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Barreto was a very satirical author. His favoured target of criticism was the perceived mediocrity of the Brazilian people, mainly the government and the commercial/military authorities. One of his works that best represents this style is ''Os Bruzundangas'', a collection of tales he published in newspapers during a period of 20 years. |
Barreto was a very satirical author.{{Cite news |last=Botelho |first=Denilson |date=November 1, 2023 |title=“Lima Barreto é proibido no jornal!” |url=https://jacobin.com.br/2023/11/lima-barreto-e-proibido-no-jornal/ |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241210235546/https://jacobin.com.br/2023/11/lima-barreto-e-proibido-no-jornal/ |archive-date=December 10, 2024 |access-date=April 20, 2026 |work=Jacobin Brasil |language=pt-BR}} His favoured target of criticism was the perceived mediocrity of the Brazilian people, mainly the government and the commercial/military authorities.{{Cite journal |last=Oliveira |first=Vinícius Mendes de |date=November 28, 2023 |title=LIMA BARRETO, RACISMO E TRISTE FIM: UMA ANALISE SOCIOLITERARIA DA BIOGRAFIA DO AUTOR PRE-MODERNISTA |url=https://ojs.focopublicacoes.com.br/foco/article/view/3738 |journal=REVISTA FOCO |language=pt-BR |volume=16 |issue=11 |issn=1981-223X |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20240709213513/https://ojs.focopublicacoes.com.br/foco/article/view/3738 |archive-date=July 9, 2024}} One of his works that best represents this style is ''Os Bruzundangas'', a collection of tales he published in newspapers during a period of 20 years. |
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The author also heavily criticized the baroque and difficult writing style which was popular among Brazilian authorities as a symbol of "intelligence" and "high social status". Due to his feelings on this issue, Barreto adopted a more simple style in his books which was more accessible to a majority of the Brazilian people. This provoked an increasing number of criticisms against the author, who was persecuted by the Brazilian elite for his non-classical style. |
The author also heavily criticized the baroque and difficult writing style which was popular among Brazilian authorities as a symbol of "intelligence" and "high social status". Due to his feelings on this issue, Barreto adopted a more simple style in his books which was more accessible to a majority of the Brazilian people. This provoked an increasing number of criticisms against the author, who was persecuted by the Brazilian elite for his non-classical style. |
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Barreto also explored the psychological conditions of his characters, although he is not as well known for this as other prominent Lusophone writers like the Brazilian [[Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis]] or the Portuguese [[José Maria de Eça de Queiroz]]. His books often explore the curious beliefs and thoughts of his characters: for example, Policarpo Quaresma (Barreto's most legendary creation) was a radical and almost utopian patriot, and his beliefs led him to a tragic end. Policarpo was also innocent enough to believe the Brazilian "original nature" could be restored. Exaggerated innocence had also condemned the character Clara dos Anjos to a life of dishonor. As for the antagonists, Barreto explores their hypocrisy, ignorance and indifference to the suffering of others. [[Psychopathy]] is presented in his posthumous book ''Clara dos Anjos'' through the antagonist, Cassi Jones, who has typical habits of a social psychopath: absence of care for other people's feelings, selfishness and cold calculation to achieve his goals, no matter how vile they are. |
Barreto also explored the psychological conditions of his characters, although he is not as well known for this as other prominent Lusophone writers like the Brazilian [[Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis]] or the Portuguese [[José Maria de Eça de Queiroz]]. His books often explore the curious beliefs and thoughts of his characters: for example, Policarpo Quaresma (Barreto's most legendary creation) was a radical and almost utopian patriot, and his beliefs led him to a tragic end. Policarpo was also innocent enough to believe the Brazilian "original nature" could be restored. Exaggerated innocence had also condemned the character Clara dos Anjos to a life of dishonor. As for the antagonists, Barreto explores their hypocrisy, ignorance and indifference to the suffering of others. [[Psychopathy]] is presented in his posthumous book ''Clara dos Anjos'' through the antagonist, Cassi Jones, who has typical habits of a social psychopath: absence of care for other people's feelings, selfishness and cold calculation to achieve his goals, no matter how vile they are. |
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== List of works == |
== List of works == |
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===Novels=== |
===Novels=== |
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* ''Recordações do Escrivão Isaías Caminha'' (1909) |
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* ''[[Triste Fim de Policarpo Quaresma]]'' (1911) |
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* ''Numa e a Ninfa'' (1915) |
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* ''Vida e Morte de M. J. Gonzaga de Sá'' (1919) |
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* ''Clara dos Anjos'' (1923, posthumous) |
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===Novellas=== |
===Novellas=== |
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* ''O Subterrâneo do Morro do Castelo'' (1905) |
* ''O Subterrâneo do Morro do Castelo'' (1905) |
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* ''As Aventuras do Dr. Bogoloff'' (1912) |
* ''As Aventuras do Dr. Bogoloff'' (1912) |
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* ''Cemitério dos Vivos'' (1956, posthumous and unfinished){{Cite web |last=Leite |first=Fernando Sousa |date=November 28, 2022 |title=Lima Barreto e os modernistas: 100 anos de uma polêmica literária |url=https://www.cafehistoria.com.br/lima-barreto-e-os-modernistas/ |access-date=April 20, 2026 |language=pt-BR}} |
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* ''Cemitério dos Vivos'' (1956, posthumous and unfinished) |
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===Short-story collections=== |
===Short-story collections=== |
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===[[Crônica]]=== |
===[[Crônica]]=== |
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* ''[[Os Bruzundangas]]'' (1923, posthumous) |
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* ''Bagatelas'' (1923, posthumous) |
* ''Bagatelas'' (1923, posthumous) |
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* ''Feiras e Mafuás'' (1953, posthumous) |
* ''Feiras e Mafuás'' (1953, posthumous) |
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* BARRETO, Lima, ''Prosa seleta.'' Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar, 2001. {{in lang|pt}} |
* BARRETO, Lima, ''Prosa seleta.'' Rio de Janeiro: Nova Aguilar, 2001. {{in lang|pt}} |
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* BARRETO, Lima, ''Um longo sonho do futuro'': Rio de Janeiro, Graphia, 1993. {{in lang|pt}} |
* BARRETO, Lima, ''Um longo sonho do futuro'': Rio de Janeiro, Graphia, 1993. {{in lang|pt}} |
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* {{Cite journal |last=Corrêa |first=Felipe Botelho |date=2014 |title=Lima Barreto's Marginália: The Magazine Writer's Dream |url=https://www.scielo.br/j/mael/a/KzZsGNLzbF9C8xtjzFJd7pv/?lang=en |journal=Machado de Assis em Linha |language=en |volume=7 |pages=61–81 |doi=10.1590/S1983-68212014000200005 |issn=1983-6821}} |
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* {{Cite book |last=Barreto |first=Lima |url=https://www.google.com.br/books/edition/S%C3%A1tiras_e_outras_subvers%C3%B5es/V5BQvgAACAAJ?hl=en |title=Sátiras e outras subversões: textos inéditos |date=2016 |publisher=Companhia das Letras |isbn=978-85-8285-036-7 |editor-last=Corrêa |editor-first=Felipe Botelho |location=Brazil |language=pt}} |
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* PRADO, Antonio Arnoni. ''Lima Barreto: o crítico e a crise''. Rio de Janeiro: Cátedra, 1976. {{in lang|pt}} |
* PRADO, Antonio Arnoni. ''Lima Barreto: o crítico e a crise''. Rio de Janeiro: Cátedra, 1976. {{in lang|pt}} |
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