Humanized mouse
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However, since it requires surgical implantation, this model is the most difficult and time-consuming to develop. Other drawbacks associated with the model are that it portrays weak immune responses to [[xenobiotic]]s, sub-optimal [[Immunoglobulin class switching|class switching]] and may develop [[GvHD]]. |
However, since it requires surgical implantation, this model is the most difficult and time-consuming to develop. Other drawbacks associated with the model are that it portrays weak immune responses to [[xenobiotic]]s, sub-optimal [[Immunoglobulin class switching|class switching]] and may develop [[GvHD]]. |
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[[File:Schematic_representation_of_the_different_engraftment_methods_routinely_used_to_generate_humanized_mice._Created_with_BioRender.png|thumb| |
[[File:Schematic_representation_of_the_different_engraftment_methods_routinely_used_to_generate_humanized_mice._Created_with_BioRender.png|thumb|495x495px|Schematic representation of engraftment methods (HuPBL, HuSRC, and BLT) used to generate humanized mice.|center]] |
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Bio- and electrical engineers have shown that human [[cerebral organoid]]s transplanted into mice functionally integrate with their visual cortex.{{cite news | vauthors = Firtina N |title=In a first, human brain organoids placed in the mouse cortex react to visual stimuli |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/human-brain-organoids-mouse-cortex |access-date=17 January 2023 |work=Interesting Engineering |date=3 January 2023}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson MN, Thunemann M, Liu X, Lu Y, Puppo F, Adams JW, Kim JH, Ramezani M, Pizzo DP, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA, Mansour AA, Gage FH, Muotri AR, Devor A, Kuzum D | display-authors = 6 | title = Multimodal monitoring of human cortical organoids implanted in mice reveal functional connection with visual cortex | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | article-number = 7945 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36572698 | pmc = 9792589 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-022-35536-3 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2022NatCo..13.7945W }} Such models may raise similar ethical issues [[Cerebral organoid#Humanized animals|as organoid-based humanization of other animals]]. |
Bio- and electrical engineers have shown that human [[cerebral organoid]]s transplanted into mice functionally integrate with their visual cortex.{{cite news | vauthors = Firtina N |title=In a first, human brain organoids placed in the mouse cortex react to visual stimuli |url=https://interestingengineering.com/science/human-brain-organoids-mouse-cortex |access-date=17 January 2023 |work=Interesting Engineering |date=3 January 2023}}{{cite journal | vauthors = Wilson MN, Thunemann M, Liu X, Lu Y, Puppo F, Adams JW, Kim JH, Ramezani M, Pizzo DP, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA, Mansour AA, Gage FH, Muotri AR, Devor A, Kuzum D | display-authors = 6 | title = Multimodal monitoring of human cortical organoids implanted in mice reveal functional connection with visual cortex | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 13 | issue = 1 | article-number = 7945 | date = December 2022 | pmid = 36572698 | pmc = 9792589 | doi = 10.1038/s41467-022-35536-3 | doi-access = free | bibcode = 2022NatCo..13.7945W }} Such models may raise similar ethical issues [[Cerebral organoid#Humanized animals|as organoid-based humanization of other animals]]. |
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