Human Genome Project

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The '''Human Genome Project''' ('''HGP''') was an international [[scientific research]] project with the goal of determining the [[base pairs]] that make up human [[DNA]], and of identifying, [[gene mapping|mapping]] and [[DNA sequencing|sequencing]] all of the [[gene]]s of the [[human genome]] from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It started in 1990 and was completed in 2003.{{cite video |people=Harshit Singh |date=2024 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/ |title=Cracking the Code of Life |medium=Television Show |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]]}} It was the world's largest collaborative biological project.{{cite web|url= http://battelle.org/docs/default-document-library/economic_impact_of_the_human_genome_project.pdf|title= Economic Impact of the Human Genome Project – Battelle|access-date= 1 August 2013|archive-date= 23 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121223040215/http://battelle.org/docs/default-document-library/economic_impact_of_the_human_genome_project.pdf}} Planning for the project began in 1984 by the [[Federal government of the United States|US government]], and it officially launched in 1990. It was declared complete on 14 April 2003, and included about 92% of the genome.{{cite web|url=https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/|title=Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions|website=National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)}} Level "complete genome" was achieved in May 2021, with only 0.3% of the bases covered by potential issues.{{Cite web|title=CHM13 T2T v1.1 – Genome – Assembly – NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_009914755.3/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}{{Cite web|title=Genome List – Genome – NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/browse/#!/eukaryotes/51/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128200211/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/browse/#!/eukaryotes/51/|archive-date=28 November 2011|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}} The full gapless sequence containing 22 [[Autosome|autosomes]] and the [[X chromosome]] was published in January 2022, making it the first fully sequenced human genome.{{Cite web |title=T2T-CHM13v2.0 – Genome – Assembly – NCBI |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCF_009914755.1/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}{{Cite web |last=ssuh |date=2022-05-02 |title=First ‘Telomere to Telomere’ Human Genome Reveals Secrets of the Centromere - Berkeley Lab |url=https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2022/05/02/gapless-genome-centromeres/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Berkeley Lab News Center |language=en-US}} The full sequence of the [[Y chromosome]] was only published in August 2023 due to challenges with sequencing and assembling, caused by its highly repetitive nature.{{Cite journal |last=Rhie |first=Arang |last2=Nurk |first2=Sergey |last3=Cechova |first3=Monika |last4=Hoyt |first4=Savannah J. |last5=Taylor |first5=Dylan J. |last6=Altemose |first6=Nicolas |last7=Hook |first7=Paul W. |last8=Koren |first8=Sergey |last9=Rautiainen |first9=Mikko |last10=Alexandrov |first10=Ivan A. |last11=Allen |first11=Jamie |last12=Asri |first12=Mobin |last13=Bzikadze |first13=Andrey V. |last14=Chen |first14=Nae-Chyun |last15=Chin |first15=Chen-Shan |date=2023-09-14 |title=The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06457-y |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=621 |issue=7978 |pages=344–354 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06457-y |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=10752217 |pmid=37612512}}{{Cite web |last=Cerf |first=Emily |date=2023-08-23 |title=Scientists release the first complete sequence of a human Y chromosome |url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2023/08/t2t-y-chromosome/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=News |language=en-US}}

The '''Human Genome Project''' ('''HGP''') was an international [[scientific research]] project with the goal of determining the [[base pairs]] that make up human [[DNA]], and of identifying, [[gene mapping|mapping]] and [[DNA sequencing|sequencing]] all of the [[gene]]s of the [[human genome]] from both a physical and a functional standpoint. It started in 1990 and was completed in 2003.{{cite video |people=Harshit Singh |date=2024 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/genome/ |title=Cracking the Code of Life |medium=Television Show |publisher=[[Public Broadcasting Service]]}} It was the world's largest collaborative biological project.{{cite web|url= http://battelle.org/docs/default-document-library/economic_impact_of_the_human_genome_project.pdf|title= Economic Impact of the Human Genome Project – Battelle|access-date= 1 August 2013|archive-date= 23 December 2012|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121223040215/http://battelle.org/docs/default-document-library/economic_impact_of_the_human_genome_project.pdf}} Planning for the project began in 1984 by the [[Federal government of the United States|US government]], and it officially launched in 1990. It was declared complete on 14 April 2003, and included about 92% of the genome.{{cite web|url=https://www.genome.gov/11006943/human-genome-project-completion-frequently-asked-questions/|title=Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions|website=National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)}} Level "complete genome" was achieved in May 2021, with only 0.3% of the bases covered by potential issues.{{Cite web|title=CHM13 T2T v1.1 – Genome – Assembly – NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCA_009914755.3/|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}{{Cite web|title=Genome List – Genome – NCBI|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/browse/#!/eukaryotes/51/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128200211/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genome/browse/#!/eukaryotes/51/|archive-date=28 November 2011|access-date=2021-06-16|website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}} The full gapless sequence containing 22 [[Autosome|autosomes]] and the [[X chromosome]] was published in January 2022, making it the first fully sequenced human genome.{{Cite web |title=T2T-CHM13v2.0 – Genome – Assembly – NCBI |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/datasets/genome/GCF_009914755.1/ |access-date=2022-06-14 |website=www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov}}{{Cite web |last=ssuh |date=2022-05-02 |title=First ‘Telomere to Telomere’ Human Genome Reveals Secrets of the Centromere - Berkeley Lab |url=https://newscenter.lbl.gov/2022/05/02/gapless-genome-centromeres/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=Berkeley Lab News Center |language=en-US}} The full sequence of the [[Y chromosome]] was only published in August 2023 due to challenges with sequencing and assembling, caused by its highly repetitive nature.{{Cite journal |last=Rhie |first=Arang |last2=Nurk |first2=Sergey |last3=Cechova |first3=Monika |last4=Hoyt |first4=Savannah J. |last5=Taylor |first5=Dylan J. |last6=Altemose |first6=Nicolas |last7=Hook |first7=Paul W. |last8=Koren |first8=Sergey |last9=Rautiainen |first9=Mikko |last10=Alexandrov |first10=Ivan A. |last11=Allen |first11=Jamie |last12=Asri |first12=Mobin |last13=Bzikadze |first13=Andrey V. |last14=Chen |first14=Nae-Chyun |last15=Chin |first15=Chen-Shan |date=2023-09-14 |title=The complete sequence of a human Y chromosome |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06457-y |journal=Nature |language=en |volume=621 |issue=7978 |pages=344–354 |doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06457-y |issn=0028-0836 |pmc=10752217 |pmid=37612512}}{{Cite web |last=Cerf |first=Emily |date=2023-08-23 |title=Scientists release the first complete sequence of a human Y chromosome |url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2023/08/t2t-y-chromosome/ |access-date=2026-04-01 |website=UC Santa Cruz News |language=en-US}}

Funding came from the US government through the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) as well as numerous other groups from around the world. A parallel project was conducted outside the government by the [[Celera Corporation]], or Celera Genomics, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in twenty universities and research centres in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and China,{{cite web|title=Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project/Completion-FAQ|work=genome.gov}} working in the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (IHGSC).

Funding came from the US government through the [[National Institutes of Health]] (NIH) as well as numerous other groups from around the world. A parallel project was conducted outside the government by the [[Celera Corporation]], or Celera Genomics, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in twenty universities and research centres in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and China,{{cite web|title=Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions|url=https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project/Completion-FAQ|work=genome.gov}} working in the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (IHGSC).