Gutones

There are only a small number of definite mentions of the Gutones in classical sources, as well as several other possible ones. The clear ones are as follows:

There are only a small number of definite mentions of the Gutones in classical sources, as well as several other possible ones. The clear ones are as follows:

*In 18 AD the ''Gotones'' assisted [[Catualda]], a young [[Marcomanni|Marcomannic]] exile, who was thus able to overthrow the rule of [[Maroboduus]]. This is mentioned in the ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'' of [[Tacitus]].{{harvnb|Tacitus|1876b|p=}}, [[:Wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#62|62]]{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=36-38}} Historian [[Herwig Wolfram]] has suggested that the Gutones were clients of the Lugii and Vandals in the 1st century AD, and that prior to this, both the Gutones and Vandals had themselves been subjects of the Marcomanni.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=40-41}}

*In AD 18 the ''Gotones'' assisted [[Catualda]], a young [[Marcomanni|Marcomannic]] exile, who was thus able to overthrow the rule of [[Maroboduus]]. This is mentioned in the ''[[Annals (Tacitus)|Annals]]'' of [[Tacitus]].{{harvnb|Tacitus|1876b|p=}}, [[:Wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 2#62|62]]{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=36-38}} Historian [[Herwig Wolfram]] has suggested that the Gutones were clients of the Lugii and Vandals in the 1st century AD, and that prior to this, both the Gutones and Vandals had themselves been subjects of the Marcomanni.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=40-41}}

*In 77 AD, [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned the ''Gutones'' as one of the Germanic peoples of ''[[Germania]]'', and, along with the [[Burgundiones]], [[Varini]] and Carini a member of the larger group called the Vandili, apparently the [[Vandals]]. Pliny classifies the Vandili as one of the five principal "Germanic races" (''germanorum genera''), along with the [[Ingvaeones]], [[Istvaeones]], [[Irminones]] and [[Peucini]].{{harvnb|Pliny|1855|p=}}, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0978.phi001.perseus-eng1:4.28 Book IV, Chap. 28 (aka 40)]{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=40}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=34-35}} The Vandals of this period apparently lived in what is now eastern Germany and Poland, between the Elbe and Vistula rivers.

*In AD 77, [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned the ''Gutones'' as one of the Germanic peoples of ''[[Germania]]'', and, along with the [[Burgundiones]], [[Varini]] and Carini a member of the larger group called the Vandili, apparently the [[Vandals]]. Pliny classifies the Vandili as one of the five principal "Germanic races" (''germanorum genera''), along with the [[Ingvaeones]], [[Istvaeones]], [[Irminones]] and [[Peucini]].{{harvnb|Pliny|1855|p=}}, [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0978.phi001.perseus-eng1:4.28 Book IV, Chap. 28 (aka 40)]{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=40}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=34-35}} The Vandals of this period apparently lived in what is now eastern Germany and Poland, between the Elbe and Vistula rivers.

*In another work by Tacitus, the ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' from around 98 AD, the ''Gotones'' or ''Gothones'' were described as a part of a group of similar Germanic peoples together with the neighboring [[Rugii]] and [[Lemovii]]. He reported that this group had some distinct characteristics compared to other Germanic people. These three people carried round shields and short swords, and lived near the [[Baltic Sea]] north of the Lugii. (He does not mention the Vandals in this region.) He described them as "ruled by kings, a little more strictly than the other German tribes". The text places the Lemovii and Rugii on the coast, and the Gotones between them and the Lugii.{{harvnb|Tacitus|1876a|p=}}, [[:Wikisource:Germania (Church & Brodribb)#XLIV|XLIV]]{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=40-41}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=35-36}}

*In another work by Tacitus, the ''[[Germania (book)|Germania]]'' from around AD 98, the ''Gotones'' or ''Gothones'' were described as a part of a group of similar Germanic peoples together with the neighboring [[Rugii]] and [[Lemovii]]. He reported that this group had some distinct characteristics compared to other Germanic people. These three people carried round shields and short swords, and lived near the [[Baltic Sea]] north of the Lugii. (He does not mention the Vandals in this region.) He described them as "ruled by kings, a little more strictly than the other German tribes". The text places the Lemovii and Rugii on the coast, and the Gotones between them and the Lugii.{{harvnb|Tacitus|1876a|p=}}, [[:Wikisource:Germania (Church & Brodribb)#XLIV|XLIV]]{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=40-41}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=35-36}}

*In his work [[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]] from around 150 AD, [[Ptolemy]] mentions the ''Gutones''/''Gythones'' as living east of the Vistula, and thus, according to his geographical definitions, not in ''Germania'', but in "[[Sarmatia]]", between the [[Vistula Veneti|Veneti]] and the [[Fenni]].{{harvnb|Ptolemy|1932|p=}}, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/3/5*.html 3.5]{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=37-39}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=38-39}}

*In his work [[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]] from around AD 150, [[Ptolemy]] mentions the ''Gutones''/''Gythones'' as living east of the Vistula, and thus, according to his geographical definitions, not in ''Germania'', but in "[[Sarmatia]]", between the [[Vistula Veneti|Veneti]] and the [[Fenni]].{{harvnb|Ptolemy|1932|p=}}, [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/3/5*.html 3.5]{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=37-39}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=38-39}}

Less certainly:

Less certainly:

*[[Pliny the Elder]] wrote that in the 4th century BC, the traveler [[Pytheas]] reported a northern people called the ''Guiones'', who lived on a very large bay called ''Metuonis'' and bought [[amber]] from the Isle of Abalus, one day's sail away.Pliny, ''Natural History'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D37%3Achapter%3D11 Book XXXVIII, Chap. 11] Some scholars have equated these "Guiones" with the Gutones. However, other proposals for amendment of this name include [[Ingvaeones|Inguiones]], or [[Teutones]], both of whom are mentioned by Pliny in this same region.{{sfn|Rübekeil|2002|pp=603-604}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=25-31}}Pliny, ''Natural History'', mentions the Teutones in the same section as the Guiones (XXXVII 11); the Inguaeones are mentioned at [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0978.phi001.perseus-eng1:4.27 Book IV, Chap. 27 (aka 13)]

*[[Pliny the Elder]] wrote that in the 4th century BC, the traveler [[Pytheas]] reported a northern people called the ''Guiones'', who lived on a very large bay called ''Metuonis'' and bought [[amber]] from the Isle of Abalus, one day's sail away.Pliny, ''Natural History'', [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D37%3Achapter%3D11 Book XXXVIII, Chap. 11] Some scholars have equated these "Guiones" with the Gutones. However, other proposals for amendment of this name include [[Ingvaeones|Inguiones]], or [[Teutones]], both of whom are mentioned by Pliny in this same region.{{sfn|Rübekeil|2002|pp=603-604}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|pp=25-31}}Pliny, ''Natural History'', mentions the Teutones in the same section as the Guiones (XXXVII 11); the Inguaeones are mentioned at [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0978.phi001.perseus-eng1:4.27 Book IV, Chap. 27 (aka 13)]

*Around 15 AD, [[Strabo]] mentioned the "Butones" ({{langx|el|Βούτωνας}}), [[Lugii]], and [[Semnones]] and others as making up a large group of peoples who came under the domination of the [[Marcomanni]]c king [[Maroboduus]]. Strabo , [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng2:7.1 Book VII, Chap. 1] Because the Butones are only mentioned once, and the Gutones were mentioned by Tacitus in connection with Maroboduus and the Lugii, they are often equated with the Gutones, and the "B" is assumed to be an error.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=38}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|p=33}}{{sfn|Andersson|1998|p=402}}

*Around AD 15, [[Strabo]] mentioned the "Butones" ({{langx|el|Βούτωνας}}), [[Lugii]], and [[Semnones]] and others as making up a large group of peoples who came under the domination of the [[Marcomanni]]c king [[Maroboduus]]. Strabo , [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-eng2:7.1 Book VII, Chap. 1] Because the Butones are only mentioned once, and the Gutones were mentioned by Tacitus in connection with Maroboduus and the Lugii, they are often equated with the Gutones, and the "B" is assumed to be an error.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=38}}{{sfn|Christensen|2002|p=33}}{{sfn|Andersson|1998|p=402}}

The [[Lugii]], whom Tacitus described as neighbours of the Gutones in his ''Germania'', have sometimes been considered the same people as the [[Vandals]].{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=40}} Both the Lugii and Vandals are associated with the [[Przeworsk culture]], which was located to the south of the Wielbark culture.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=394-395}}

The [[Lugii]], whom Tacitus described as neighbours of the Gutones in his ''Germania'', have sometimes been considered the same people as the [[Vandals]].{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|p=40}} Both the Lugii and Vandals are associated with the [[Przeworsk culture]], which was located to the south of the Wielbark culture.{{sfn|Wolfram|1988|pp=394-395}}