Fish farming

=== Genetic engineering ===

=== Genetic engineering ===

In regards to [[genetically engineered salmon|genetically engineered, farmed salmon]], concern has been raised over their proven reproductive advantage and how it could potentially decimate local fish populations, if released into the wild. Biologist Rick Howard did a controlled laboratory study where wild fish and [[genetically engineered fish]] were allowed to breed.{{cite web|url=http://news.uns.purdue.edu/html4ever/2004/040223.Howard.transgenic.html|title=Purdue scientists: Genetically modified fish could damage ecology|access-date=30 January 2016}} In 1989, [[AquaBounty Technologies]] developed the [[AquAdvantage salmon]]. The concerns and critiques of cultivating this genetically engineered fish in aquaculture are that the fish will escape and interact with other fish ultimately leading to the reproduction with other fishes. However, the FDA, has determined that while net pens would not be the most appropriate to prevent escapes, raising the salmon in Panama waters would effectively prevent escape because the water conditions there would fail to support long-term survival of any escaped salmon.

In regards to [[genetically engineered salmon|genetically engineered, farmed salmon]], concern has been raised over their proven [[reproductive advantage]] and how it could potentially decimate local fish populations, if released into the wild. Biologist Rick Howard did a controlled laboratory study where wild fish and [[genetically engineered fish]] were allowed to breed.{{cite web|url=http://news.uns.purdue.edu/html4ever/2004/040223.Howard.transgenic.html|title=Purdue scientists: Genetically modified fish could damage ecology|access-date=30 January 2016}} In 1989, [[AquaBounty Technologies]] developed the [[AquAdvantage salmon]]. The concerns and critiques of cultivating this genetically engineered fish in aquaculture are that the fish will escape and interact with other fish ultimately leading to the reproduction with other fishes. However, the FDA, has determined that while net pens would not be the most appropriate to prevent escapes, raising the salmon in Panama waters would effectively prevent escape because the water conditions there would fail to support long-term survival of any escaped salmon.

Another method of preventing Aqua Advantage fish from impacting the ecosystems in the case they escape suggested by the FDA was to create sterile triploid females. This way concerns on reproducing with other fishes would be out of the question.{{Cite journal|last=Medicine|first=Center for Veterinary|date=2019-04-12|title=AquAdvantage Salmon - Response to Public Comments on the Environmental Assessment|url=https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animals-intentional-genomic-alterations/aquadvantage-salmon-response-public-comments-environmental-assessment|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214032736/https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animals-intentional-genomic-alterations/aquadvantage-salmon-response-public-comments-environmental-assessment|archive-date=December 14, 2019|journal=FDA}} The genetically engineered fish crowded out the wild fish in spawning beds, but the offspring were less likely to survive. The colorant used to make pen-raised salmon appear rosy like the wild fish has been linked with retinal problems in humans.

Another method of preventing Aqua Advantage fish from impacting the ecosystems in the case they escape suggested by the FDA was to create sterile triploid females. This way concerns on reproducing with other fishes would be out of the question.{{Cite journal|last=Medicine|first=Center for Veterinary|date=2019-04-12|title=AquAdvantage Salmon - Response to Public Comments on the Environmental Assessment|url=https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animals-intentional-genomic-alterations/aquadvantage-salmon-response-public-comments-environmental-assessment|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191214032736/https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animals-intentional-genomic-alterations/aquadvantage-salmon-response-public-comments-environmental-assessment|archive-date=December 14, 2019|journal=FDA}} The genetically engineered fish crowded out the wild fish in spawning beds, but the offspring were less likely to survive. The colorant used to make pen-raised salmon appear rosy like the wild fish has been linked with retinal problems in humans.