Etemenanki

Apr 20, 2026 - 08:35
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Etemenanki

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← Previous revision Revision as of 03:03, 20 April 2026
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{{Contains special characters|cuneiform}}
{{Contains special characters|cuneiform}}
[[File:Etemenanki drawing.gif|thumb|Reconstruction of Etemenanki, based on Schmid]]
[[File:Etemenanki drawing.gif|thumb|Reconstruction of Etemenanki, based on Schmid]]
'''Etemenanki''' ({{langx|sux|{{cuneiform|12|[[É (temple)|𒂍]]𒋼𒀭𒆠}}|translit=É.TEMEN.AN.KI|lit=Temple of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth}}) was a [[Babylon|Babylonian]] [[ziggurat]] dedicated to the [[Mesopotamia]]n god [[Marduk]]. It now exists only in ruins, located about {{convert|90|km|mi}} south of [[Baghdad|Baghdad, Iraq]]. Scholars have identified Etemenanki as the ziggurat for the biblical account of the [[Tower of Babel]].{{cite book|title=Understanding the Bible |first=Stephen L. |last=Harris |author-link=Stephen L. Harris |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |year=2002 |pages=50–51 |isbn=9780767429160 }}{{cite magazine|title=Die Stadt, an deren Freuden man nicht satt wird |first=Michael P. |last=Streck |magazine=[[Damals]] |volume=Special volume |year=2006 |pages=11–28 |language=de}}
'''Etemenanki''' ({{langx|sux|{{cuneiform|12|[[É (temple)|𒂍]]𒋼𒀭𒆠}}|translit=É.TEMEN.AN.KI|lit=Temple of the Foundation of Heaven and Earth}}) was a [[Babylon|Babylonian]] [[ziggurat]] dedicated to the [[Mesopotamia]]n god [[Marduk]]. It now exists only in ruins, which are located about {{convert|90|km|mi}} south of [[Baghdad|Baghdad, Iraq]]. Scholars have identified Etemenanki as the ziggurat for the biblical account of the [[Tower of Babel]].{{cite book|title=Understanding the Bible |first=Stephen L. |last=Harris |author-link=Stephen L. Harris |publisher=[[McGraw-Hill]] |year=2002 |pages=50–51 |isbn=9780767429160 }}{{cite magazine|title=Die Stadt, an deren Freuden man nicht satt wird |first=Michael P. |last=Streck |magazine=[[Damals]] |volume=Special volume |year=2006 |pages=11–28 |language=de}}


{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
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==Construction==
==Construction==
It is unclear when Etemenanki was originally constructed. [[Andrew R. George]] says that it was constructed sometime between the 14th and the 9th century BCE. He argues as follows:
It is unclear when Etemenanki was originally constructed. [[Andrew R. George]] says that it was constructed sometime between 1500 and 1000 BCE. He argues as follows:


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Babylon was destroyed in 689 BCE by [[Sennacherib]], who claims to have destroyed the Etemenanki. It took 88 years to restore the city; work was started by the Assyrian king [[Esarhaddon]], and continued under [[Nabopolassar]] followed by his son [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] who rebuilt the ziggurat. The city's central feature was the temple of [[Marduk]] ([[Esagila]]), with which the Etemenanki ziggurat was associated.
Babylon was destroyed in 689 BCE by [[Sennacherib]], who claims to have destroyed the Etemenanki. It took 88 years to restore the city, and work was started by the [[Assyria|Assyrian]] king [[Esarhaddon]], and continued under [[Nabopolassar]], followed by his son [[Nebuchadnezzar II]] who rebuilt the ziggurat. The city's central feature was the temple of [[Marduk]] ([[Esagila]]), with which the Etemenanki ziggurat was associated.


Fenollós et al. note that "The 'Tower of Babel' was not built in a single moment, but rather was the result of a complex history of successive constructions, destruction and reconstruction. Its origin dates back to the reign of [[Hammurabi]] and continues to this day with its inevitable and definitive destruction."{{cite journal |last1=Fenollós |first1=Juan Luis |last2=Vegas |first2=Fernando |last3=Mileto |first3=Camilla |title=Etemenanki: nuova ipotesi di ricostruzione dello ziggurat di Nabucodonosor II nella cittá di Babilonia |language=it |journal=ISIMU: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad |date=January 2005 |pages=201–216 |url=https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/handle/10486/3533/24714_10.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=4 December 2020}}{{langx|it|La Torre di Babele non fu costruita in un unico momento, ma piuttosto fu il risultato di una complessa storia di sucessive costruzioni, distruzioni e ricostruzioni. La sua origine risale a1 regno di Harnrnurabi e si prolunga fino ai nostri giorni con la sua inevitabile edefintiva distruzione.}} The "Tower" as discussed in ancient sources refers to the monument as it appeared in the [[Neo-Babylonian]] period.
Fenollós et al. note that "The 'Tower of Babel' was not built in a single moment, but rather was the result of a complex history of successive constructions, destruction and reconstruction. Its origin dates back to the reign of [[Hammurabi]] and continues to this day with its inevitable and definitive destruction."{{cite journal |last1=Fenollós |first1=Juan Luis |last2=Vegas |first2=Fernando |last3=Mileto |first3=Camilla |title=Etemenanki: nuova ipotesi di ricostruzione dello ziggurat di Nabucodonosor II nella cittá di Babilonia |language=it |journal=ISIMU: Revista sobre Oriente Próximo y Egipto en la antigüedad |date=January 2005 |pages=201–216 |url=https://repositorio.uam.es/bitstream/handle/10486/3533/24714_10.pdf?sequence=1 |access-date=4 December 2020}}{{langx|it|La Torre di Babele non fu costruita in un unico momento, ma piuttosto fu il risultato di una complessa storia di sucessive costruzioni, distruzioni e ricostruzioni. La sua origine risale a1 regno di Harnrnurabi e si prolunga fino ai nostri giorni con la sua inevitabile edefintiva distruzione.}} The "Tower" as discussed in ancient sources refers to the monument as it appeared in the [[Neo-Babylonian]] period.
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