ELIZA effect
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The discovery of the ELIZA effect was an important development in [[artificial intelligence]], demonstrating the principle of using [[Social engineering (security)|social engineering]] rather than explicit programming to pass a [[Turing test]].{{cite book|title=Emotions in Humans and Artifacts|last1=Trappl|first1=Robert|last2=Petta|first2=Paolo|last3=Payr|first3=Sabine|page=353|year=2002|isbn=978-0-262-20142-1|quote=The "Eliza effect" — the tendency for people to treat programs that respond to them as if they had more intelligence than they really do (Weizenbaum 1966) is one of the most powerful tools available to the creators of virtual characters.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTgMIhy6YZMC&pg=PA353|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.}} |
The discovery of the ELIZA effect was an important development in [[artificial intelligence]], demonstrating the principle of using [[Social engineering (security)|social engineering]] rather than explicit programming to pass a [[Turing test]].{{cite book|title=Emotions in Humans and Artifacts|last1=Trappl|first1=Robert|last2=Petta|first2=Paolo|last3=Payr|first3=Sabine|page=353|year=2002|isbn=978-0-262-20142-1|quote=The "Eliza effect" — the tendency for people to treat programs that respond to them as if they had more intelligence than they really do (Weizenbaum 1966) is one of the most powerful tools available to the creators of virtual characters.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jTgMIhy6YZMC&pg=PA353|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Mass.}} |
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ELIZA convinced some users into thinking that a machine was human. This shift in human-machine interaction marked progress in technologies emulating human behavior. Two groups of chatbots are distinguished by William Meisel as "general [[personal assistant]]s" and "specialized digital assistants".{{Cite journal|last=Dale|first=Robert|date=September 2016|title=The return of the chatbots|journal=Natural Language Engineering|language=en|volume=22|issue=5|pages=811–817|doi=10.1017/S1351324916000243|issn=1351-3249|doi-access=free}} General digital assistants have been integrated into personal devices, with skills like sending messages, taking notes, checking calendars, and setting appointments. Specialized digital assistants "operate in very specific domains or help with very specific tasks". Weizenbaum considered that not every part of the human thought could be reduced to logical formalisms and that "there are some acts of thought that ought to be attempted only by humans".{{Cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer power and human reason : from judgment to calculation |date=1976 |publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company |isbn=0-7167-0464-1 |location=San Francisco, Cal. |oclc=1527521}} |
ELIZA convinced some users into thinking that a machine was human. This shift in human-machine interaction marked progress in technologies emulating human behavior. Two groups of chatbots are distinguished by William Meisel as "general [[personal assistant]]s" and "specialized digital assistants".{{Cite journal|last=Dale|first=Robert|date=September 2016|title=The return of the chatbots|journal=Natural Language Engineering|language=en|volume=22|issue=5|pages=811–817|doi=10.1017/S1351324916000243|issn=1351-3249|doi-access=free}} General digital assistants have been integrated into personal devices, with skills like sending messages, taking notes, checking calendars, and setting appointments. Specialized digital assistants "operate in very specific domains or help with very specific tasks". Weizenbaum considered that not every part of the human thought could be reduced to logical formalisms and that "there are some acts of thought that ought to be attempted only by humans".{{Cite book |last=Weizenbaum |first=Joseph |title=Computer power and human reason : from judgment to calculation |date=1976 |publisher=W. H. Freeman and Company |isbn=0-7167-0464-1 |location=San Francisco, Cal. |oclc=1527521}} |
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== See also == |
== See also == |
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