Calorie restriction

Apr 20, 2026 - 06:37
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Calorie restriction

I will remove again the source on the effects of Ramadan fasting as it shows no beneficial impact on mother and/or child and is therefore irrelevant: "Ramadan fasting does not adversely affect birth weight although there is insufficient evidence regarding potential effects on other perinatal outcomes."

← Previous revision Revision as of 01:05, 20 April 2026
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Caloric intake control, and reduction for [[obesity|overweight]] individuals, is recommended by US dietary guidelines and science-based societies.{{Cite web |last=US Department of Health and Human Services. |date=2017 |title=2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans - health.gov |url=https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/ |access-date=30 September 2019 |website=health.gov |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc. |archive-date=6 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106200014/https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/ }}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, Himmelfarb CD, Khera A, Lloyd-Jones D, McEvoy JW, Michos ED, Miedema MD, Muñoz D, Smith SC, Virani SS, Williams KA, Yeboah J, Ziaeian B |date=September 2019 |title=2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=140 |issue=11 |pages=e596–e646 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678 |pmc=7734661 |pmid=30879355 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite web |title=Obesity: maintaining a healthy weight and preventing excess weight gain |url=https://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/obesity/obesity-maintaining-a-healthy-weight-and-preventing-excess-weight-gain#content=view-node%3Anodes-diet |website=pathways.nice.org.uk}}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, Hu FB, Hubbard VS, Jakicic JM, Kushner RF, Loria CM, Millen BE, Nonas CA, Pi-Sunyer FX, Stevens J, Stevens VJ, Wadden TA, Wolfe BM, Yanovski SZ, Jordan HS, Kendall KA, Lux LJ, Mentor-Marcel R, Morgan LC, Trisolini MG, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC, Tomaselli GF |date=June 2014 |title=2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society |journal=Circulation |volume=129 |issue=25 Suppl 2 |pages=S102–S138 |doi=10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee |pmc=5819889 |pmid=24222017}}{{Cite web |title=Diet - NICE Pathways |url=https://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/diet#path=view%3A/pathways/diet/dietary-interventions-and-advice-for-adults.xml&content=view-node%3Anodes-reducing-calorie-intake |website=pathways.nice.org.uk}}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Garber AJ, Hurley DL, Jastreboff AM, Nadolsky K, Pessah-Pollack R, Plodkowski R |date=July 2016 |title=American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines for Medical Care of Patients with Obesity |journal=Endocrine Practice |volume=22 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=1–203 |doi=10.4158/EP161365.GL |pmid=27219496 |doi-access=free}}
Caloric intake control, and reduction for [[obesity|overweight]] individuals, is recommended by US dietary guidelines and science-based societies.{{Cite web |last=US Department of Health and Human Services. |date=2017 |title=2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans - health.gov |url=https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/ |access-date=30 September 2019 |website=health.gov |publisher=Skyhorse Publishing Inc. |archive-date=6 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106200014/https://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/ }}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Arnett DK, Blumenthal RS, Albert MA, Buroker AB, Goldberger ZD, Hahn EJ, Himmelfarb CD, Khera A, Lloyd-Jones D, McEvoy JW, Michos ED, Miedema MD, Muñoz D, Smith SC, Virani SS, Williams KA, Yeboah J, Ziaeian B |date=September 2019 |title=2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines |journal=Circulation |volume=140 |issue=11 |pages=e596–e646 |doi=10.1161/CIR.0000000000000678 |pmc=7734661 |pmid=30879355 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite web |title=Obesity: maintaining a healthy weight and preventing excess weight gain |url=https://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/obesity/obesity-maintaining-a-healthy-weight-and-preventing-excess-weight-gain#content=view-node%3Anodes-diet |website=pathways.nice.org.uk}}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM, Ard JD, Comuzzie AG, Donato KA, Hu FB, Hubbard VS, Jakicic JM, Kushner RF, Loria CM, Millen BE, Nonas CA, Pi-Sunyer FX, Stevens J, Stevens VJ, Wadden TA, Wolfe BM, Yanovski SZ, Jordan HS, Kendall KA, Lux LJ, Mentor-Marcel R, Morgan LC, Trisolini MG, Wnek J, Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM, Bozkurt B, Brindis RG, Curtis LH, DeMets D, Hochman JS, Kovacs RJ, Ohman EM, Pressler SJ, Sellke FW, Shen WK, Smith SC, Tomaselli GF |date=June 2014 |title=2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society |journal=Circulation |volume=129 |issue=25 Suppl 2 |pages=S102–S138 |doi=10.1161/01.cir.0000437739.71477.ee |pmc=5819889 |pmid=24222017}}{{Cite web |title=Diet - NICE Pathways |url=https://pathways.nice.org.uk/pathways/diet#path=view%3A/pathways/diet/dietary-interventions-and-advice-for-adults.xml&content=view-node%3Anodes-reducing-calorie-intake |website=pathways.nice.org.uk}}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Garvey WT, Mechanick JI, Brett EM, Garber AJ, Hurley DL, Jastreboff AM, Nadolsky K, Pessah-Pollack R, Plodkowski R |date=July 2016 |title=American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Comprehensive Clinical Practice Guidelines for Medical Care of Patients with Obesity |journal=Endocrine Practice |volume=22 |issue=Suppl 3 |pages=1–203 |doi=10.4158/EP161365.GL |pmid=27219496 |doi-access=free}}


Calorie restriction is recommended for people with [[diabetes]]{{Cite journal |last=American Diabetes Association |date=January 2019 |title=5. Lifestyle Management: ''Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019'' |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=42 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S46–S60 |doi=10.2337/dc19-S005 |pmid=30559231 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, Garvey WT, Lau KH, MacLeod J, Mitri J, Pereira RF, Rawlings K, Robinson S, Saslow L, Uelmen S, Urbanski PB, Yancy WS |date=May 2019 |title=Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report |journal=Diabetes Care |type=Professional society guidelines |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=731–754 |doi=10.2337/dci19-0014 |pmc=7011201 |pmid=31000505 |doi-access=free}} and prediabetes, in combination with physical exercise and a weight loss goal of 5-15% for diabetes and 7-10% for prediabetes to prevent progression to diabetes. Mild calorie restriction may be beneficial for pregnant women to decrease weight gain (without weight loss), if needed or advised by a doctor, and reduce perinatal risks for both the mother and child.{{Cite journal |vauthors=Glazier JD, Hayes DJ, Hussain S, D'Souza SW, Whitcombe J, Heazell AE, Ashton N |date=October 2018 |title=The effect of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis |journal=BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=421 |doi=10.1186/s12884-018-2048-y |pmc=6202808 |pmid=30359228 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Thangaratinam S, Rogozinska E, Jolly K, Glinkowski S, Roseboom T, Tomlinson JW, Kunz R, Mol BW, Coomarasamy A, Khan KS |date=May 2012 |title=Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence |journal=BMJ |volume=344 |article-number=e2088 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e2088 |pmc=3355191 |pmid=22596383}} For [[management of obesity|overweight or obese]] individuals, calorie restriction may improve health through weight loss, although a gradual weight regain of {{convert|1|-|2|kg|abbr=on}} per year may occur.
Calorie restriction is recommended for people with [[diabetes]]{{Cite journal |last=American Diabetes Association |date=January 2019 |title=5. Lifestyle Management: ''Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019'' |journal=Diabetes Care |volume=42 |issue=Suppl 1 |pages=S46–S60 |doi=10.2337/dc19-S005 |pmid=30559231 |doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Evert AB, Dennison M, Gardner CD, Garvey WT, Lau KH, MacLeod J, Mitri J, Pereira RF, Rawlings K, Robinson S, Saslow L, Uelmen S, Urbanski PB, Yancy WS |date=May 2019 |title=Nutrition Therapy for Adults With Diabetes or Prediabetes: A Consensus Report |journal=Diabetes Care |type=Professional society guidelines |volume=42 |issue=5 |pages=731–754 |doi=10.2337/dci19-0014 |pmc=7011201 |pmid=31000505 |doi-access=free}} and prediabetes, in combination with physical exercise and a weight loss goal of 5-15% for diabetes and 7-10% for prediabetes to prevent progression to diabetes. Mild calorie restriction may be beneficial for pregnant women to decrease weight gain (without weight loss), if needed or advised by a doctor, and reduce perinatal risks for both the mother and child.{{Cite journal |display-authors=6 |vauthors=Thangaratinam S, Rogozinska E, Jolly K, Glinkowski S, Roseboom T, Tomlinson JW, Kunz R, Mol BW, Coomarasamy A, Khan KS |date=May 2012 |title=Effects of interventions in pregnancy on maternal weight and obstetric outcomes: meta-analysis of randomised evidence |journal=BMJ |volume=344 |article-number=e2088 |doi=10.1136/bmj.e2088 |pmc=3355191 |pmid=22596383}} For [[management of obesity|overweight or obese]] individuals, calorie restriction may improve health through weight loss, although a gradual weight regain of {{convert|1|-|2|kg|abbr=on}} per year may occur.


===Risks of malnutrition===
===Risks of malnutrition===
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