Borsippa
Archaeology: Fixed typo.
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He concentrated primarily on [[E-zida]], the temple of Nabu. In the 1890s looters removed about 2000 cuneiform tablets, mostly from the Ezida.Robson, Eleanor, "The Socio-Economics of Cuneiform Scholarship after the ‘End of Archives’: Views from Borsippa and Uruk", At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 459-474, 2017 In 1902, [[Robert Koldewey]] worked at Borsippa during his main effort at [[Babylon]] also mainly on the Nabu temple. E-DIM-AN-NA, temple of the bond of heaven, built by Nebuchadrezzar for the god [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]] in the court of E-zida was also excavated.[https://archive.org/details/ldpd_10797913_000/ldpd_10797913_000/]Robert Koldewey, "The excavations at Babylon", London: MacMillan and Co., 1914Robert Koldewey, "Die Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa: nach den Ausgrabungen durch die Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft", WVDOG 15, Leipzig, 1911 ISSN 0342-118XAndrae, Walter, "BORSIPPA 1902", Babylon: Die versunkene Weltstadt und ihr Ausgräber Robert Koldewey, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 149-152, 1952 |
He concentrated primarily on [[E-zida]], the temple of Nabu. In the 1890s looters removed about 2000 cuneiform tablets, mostly from the Ezida.Robson, Eleanor, "The Socio-Economics of Cuneiform Scholarship after the ‘End of Archives’: Views from Borsippa and Uruk", At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate, edited by Yağmur Heffron, Adam Stone and Martin Worthington, University Park, USA: Penn State University Press, pp. 459-474, 2017 In 1902, [[Robert Koldewey]] worked at Borsippa during his main effort at [[Babylon]] also mainly on the Nabu temple. E-DIM-AN-NA, temple of the bond of heaven, built by Nebuchadrezzar for the god [[Sin (mythology)|Sin]] in the court of E-zida was also excavated.[https://archive.org/details/ldpd_10797913_000/ldpd_10797913_000/]Robert Koldewey, "The excavations at Babylon", London: MacMillan and Co., 1914Robert Koldewey, "Die Tempel von Babylon und Borsippa: nach den Ausgrabungen durch die Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft", WVDOG 15, Leipzig, 1911 ISSN 0342-118XAndrae, Walter, "BORSIPPA 1902", Babylon: Die versunkene Weltstadt und ihr Ausgräber Robert Koldewey, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, pp. 149-152, 1952 |
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Between 1980 and 2003, the [[Austria]]n team from the [[Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck]] led by Helga Piesl-Trenkwalder and Wilfred Allinger-Csollich excavated for sixteen seasons at the site.[https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15763297&increment=100]Trenkwalder-Piesl, H., "Report about the excavations in Borsippa (second season 1981)", Sumer 41, pp. 101–105, 1981Kaniuth, Kai, "Borsippa—Preliminary Report on the 18th-20th Campaigns (2001-2003).", Sumer 52.1, pp. 9-16, 2004 Early work concentrated on the large ziggurat E-ur-imin-an-ki and later on the Nabu temple. Examinination determined that the ziggurat had a 60 by 60 meter core of unbaked |
Between 1980 and 2003, the [[Austria]]n team from the [[Leopold-Franzens-Universität Innsbruck]] led by Helga Piesl-Trenkwalder and Wilfred Allinger-Csollich excavated for sixteen seasons at the site.[https://findit.library.yale.edu/images_layout/view?parentoid=15763297&increment=100]Trenkwalder-Piesl, H., "Report about the excavations in Borsippa (second season 1981)", Sumer 41, pp. 101–105, 1981Kaniuth, Kai, "Borsippa—Preliminary Report on the 18th-20th Campaigns (2001-2003).", Sumer 52.1, pp. 9-16, 2004 Early work concentrated on the large ziggurat E-ur-imin-an-ki and later on the Nabu temple. Examinination determined that the ziggurat had a 60 by 60 meter core of unbaked bricks with a mantle of baked bricks (or Kassite and Neo-Babylonian origin) bringing the structure up to 78 by 78 meters. The mantle was covered by a layer of baked bricks bonded by bitumen. Reeds, ropes, and wooden beams were used to bond the layers together."Recent Excavations in Iraq.", Iraq, vol. 61, pp. 195–202, 1999 It was found that the ziggurat had been partially hollowed out in Parthian times."Excavations in Iraq 1985-86.", Iraq, vol. 49, pp. 231–51, 1987 Tablets of the [[Neo-Babylonian]] period were found.W. Allinger-Csollich, "Birs Nimrud I. Die Baukörper der Ziqqurat von Borsippa, ein Vorbericht", Baghdader Mitteilungen (BaM). Gbr. Mann, Berlin, vol. 22, pp. 383-499, 1991, ISSN 0418-9698W. Allinger-Csollich, Birs Nimrud II: Tieftempel-Hochtempel: Vergleichende Studien Borsippa - Babylon, Baghdader Mitteilungen, vol. 29, pp. 95-330, 1998, ISSN 0418-9698"Excavations in Iraq, 1979-80.", Iraq, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 167–98, 1981"Excavations in Iraq, 1983-84.", Iraq, vol. 47, pp. 215–39, 1985 |
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Many legal administrative and astronomical texts on [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]] tablets have originated at Borsippa and have turned up on the black market with the first large, around 2000, group of tablets being sold to the British Museum in 1894-1900.Waerzeggers, Caroline, "The dispersal history of the Borsippa archives", in H.D. Baker and M. Jursa (eds.), Approaching the Babylonian Economy: Proceedings of the START Project Symposium Held in Vienna, 1-3 July 2004 (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 330; Veröffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments 2), pp. 343-363, 2004 Archives began to be published in the 1980s. An inscription of [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], the "Borsippa inscription," tells how he restored the temple of Nabu, "the temple of the seven spheres," with "bricks of noble [[lapis lazuli]]." that must have been covered with a rich blue glaze. The Austrian archeologists have determined that Nebuchadnezzar's ziggurat encased the ruins of a smaller tower from the second millennium BC. When it was completed it reached a height of 70 meters, in seven terraces; even in ruin it still stands a striking 52 meters over the perfectly flat plain. An inscribed foundation stone has been recovered, which details Nebuchadnezzar's plan to have the Borsippa ziggurat built on the same design as that at Babylon, of which only the foundation survives. Nebuchadnezzar declared that Nabu's tower would reach the skies, another inscription states. The reconstruction under the patronage of Bel-Marduk is summarized on a cylinder in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] of [[Antiochus I]] ([[Antiochus cylinder]]), an example of the region's remarkable cultural continuity.A. Kuhrt and S. Selwin-White, "Aspects of Seleucid Royal Ideology : The Cylinder of Antiochus I from Borsippa", ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' 111 (1991:71-86)Widmer, Marie, "Translating the Seleucid ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ: notes on the titulature of Stratonice in the Borsippa Cylinder", Greece & Rome 66.2, pp. 264-279. 2019 |
Many legal administrative and astronomical texts on [[Cuneiform script|cuneiform]] tablets have originated at Borsippa and have turned up on the black market with the first large, around 2000, group of tablets being sold to the British Museum in 1894-1900.Waerzeggers, Caroline, "The dispersal history of the Borsippa archives", in H.D. Baker and M. Jursa (eds.), Approaching the Babylonian Economy: Proceedings of the START Project Symposium Held in Vienna, 1-3 July 2004 (Alter Orient und Altes Testament 330; Veröffentlichungen zur Kultur und Geschichte des Alten Orients und des Alten Testaments 2), pp. 343-363, 2004 Archives began to be published in the 1980s. An inscription of [[Nebuchadnezzar II]], the "Borsippa inscription," tells how he restored the temple of Nabu, "the temple of the seven spheres," with "bricks of noble [[lapis lazuli]]." that must have been covered with a rich blue glaze. The Austrian archeologists have determined that Nebuchadnezzar's ziggurat encased the ruins of a smaller tower from the second millennium BC. When it was completed it reached a height of 70 meters, in seven terraces; even in ruin it still stands a striking 52 meters over the perfectly flat plain. An inscribed foundation stone has been recovered, which details Nebuchadnezzar's plan to have the Borsippa ziggurat built on the same design as that at Babylon, of which only the foundation survives. Nebuchadnezzar declared that Nabu's tower would reach the skies, another inscription states. The reconstruction under the patronage of Bel-Marduk is summarized on a cylinder in [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]] of [[Antiochus I]] ([[Antiochus cylinder]]), an example of the region's remarkable cultural continuity.A. Kuhrt and S. Selwin-White, "Aspects of Seleucid Royal Ideology : The Cylinder of Antiochus I from Borsippa", ''Journal of Hellenic Studies'' 111 (1991:71-86)Widmer, Marie, "Translating the Seleucid ΒΑΣΙΛΙΣΣΑ: notes on the titulature of Stratonice in the Borsippa Cylinder", Greece & Rome 66.2, pp. 264-279. 2019 |
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