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Around 20–30% of East Asians carry the rs671 (ALDH2*2) allele on chromosome 12, which results in a less functional [[acetaldehyde dehydrogenase]] enzyme, responsible for the breakdown of acetaldehyde, and accounts for most incidents of alcohol flush reaction worldwide. According to the analysis by [[HapMap]] project, 20% to 30% of people of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean ancestry have at least one ''ALDH2*2'' allele, while it is rare among Europeans and sub-Saharan Africans.[{{cite web|url=https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs671|title=rs671 is a classic SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)|publisher=SNPedia|date=18 November 2020|archive-date=2018-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022030021/https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs671|url-status=live}}] |
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Around 20–30% of East Asians carry the rs671 (ALDH2*2) allele on chromosome 12, which results in a less functional [[acetaldehyde dehydrogenase]] enzyme, responsible for the breakdown of acetaldehyde, and accounts for most incidents of alcohol flush reaction worldwide. According to the analysis by [[HapMap]] project, 20% to 30% of people of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean ancestry have at least one ''ALDH2*2'' allele, while it is rare among Europeans and sub-Saharan Africans.[{{cite web|url=https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs671|title=rs671 is a classic SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)|publisher=SNPedia|date=18 November 2020|archive-date=2018-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022030021/https://www.snpedia.com/index.php/Rs671|url-status=live}}] |
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The rs671 allele is native to [[East Asia]] and most common in southeastern China. Analysis correlates the rise and spread of rice cultivation in [[South China]] with the spread of the allele.[ The reasons for this positive selection are not known, but it has been hypothesized that elevated concentrations of acetaldehyde may have conferred protection against certain parasitic infections, such as ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]''.][{{cite journal | vauthors = Oota H, Pakstis AJ, Bonne-Tamir B, Goldman D, Grigorenko E, Kajuna SL, Karoma NJ, Kungulilo S, Lu RB, Odunsi K, Okonofua F, Zhukova OV, Kidd JR, Kidd KK | title = The evolution and population genetics of the ALDH2 locus: random genetic drift, selection, and low levels of recombination | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 68 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 93–109 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15008789 | doi = 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00060.x | author-link14 = Kenneth Kidd | publisher = Wiley | s2cid = 31026948 }}] |
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The rs671 allele is native to [[East Asia]] and most common in southeastern China. Analysis correlates the rise and spread of rice cultivation in [[South China]] with the spread of the allele.[> A study in China found that genes associated with the flush reaction are more common in areas with a history of rice farming than areas with a history of wheat farming or herding.][{{Cite journal |last=Zhu |first=Chen |last2=Talhelm |first2=Thomas |last3=Li |first3=Yingxiang |last4=Chen |first4=Gang |last5=Zhu |first5=Jiong |last6=Wang |first6=Jun |date=2021-08 |title=Relationship between rice farming and polygenic scores potentially linked to agriculture in China |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.210382 |journal=Royal Society Open Science |language=en |volume=8 |issue=8 |pages=210382 |doi=10.1098/rsos.210382 |issn=2054-5703 |pmc=8371358 |pmid=34457340}}> The reasons for this positive selection are not known, but it has been hypothesized that elevated concentrations of acetaldehyde may have conferred protection against certain parasitic infections, such as ''[[Entamoeba histolytica]]''.][{{cite journal | vauthors = Oota H, Pakstis AJ, Bonne-Tamir B, Goldman D, Grigorenko E, Kajuna SL, Karoma NJ, Kungulilo S, Lu RB, Odunsi K, Okonofua F, Zhukova OV, Kidd JR, Kidd KK | title = The evolution and population genetics of the ALDH2 locus: random genetic drift, selection, and low levels of recombination | journal = Annals of Human Genetics | volume = 68 | issue = Pt 2 | pages = 93–109 | date = March 2004 | pmid = 15008789 | doi = 10.1046/j.1529-8817.2003.00060.x | author-link14 = Kenneth Kidd | publisher = Wiley | s2cid = 31026948 }}] |
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Additionally, in around 80% of [[East Asian people|East Asians]], the rapid accumulation of acetaldehyde is worsened by another gene variant; in this case the allele ''[[ADH1B|ADH1B*2]],'' which results in the [[alcohol dehydrogenase]] [[enzyme]] converting alcohol to toxic [[acetaldehyde]] more quickly than other gene variants common outside East Asia.[{{cite journal | vauthors = Eng MY, Luczak SE, Wall TL | title = ALDH2, ADH1B, and ADH1C genotypes in Asians: a literature review | journal = Alcohol Research & Health | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–27 | date = 2007 | pmid = 17718397 | pmc = 3860439 }}] |
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Additionally, in around 80% of [[East Asian people|East Asians]], the rapid accumulation of acetaldehyde is worsened by another gene variant; in this case the allele ''[[ADH1B|ADH1B*2]],'' which results in the [[alcohol dehydrogenase]] [[enzyme]] converting alcohol to toxic [[acetaldehyde]] more quickly than other gene variants common outside East Asia.[{{cite journal | vauthors = Eng MY, Luczak SE, Wall TL | title = ALDH2, ADH1B, and ADH1C genotypes in Asians: a literature review | journal = Alcohol Research & Health | volume = 30 | issue = 1 | pages = 22–27 | date = 2007 | pmid = 17718397 | pmc = 3860439 }}] |
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