Adyghe verbs

Apr 19, 2026 - 02:51
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Adyghe verbs

Trivalent Transitive Verbs

← Previous revision Revision as of 21:20, 18 April 2026
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====Trivalent Transitive Verbs====
====Trivalent Transitive Verbs====
These verbs have an ergative subject, an absolutive direct object, and an oblique indirect object. The base form refers to the absolutive (the item being given, told, etc.), while '''зы-''' marks both the ergative subject and the oblique recipient.
These verbs have an ergative subject, an absolutive direct object, and an oblique indirect object.

* '''Absolutive Referent:''' Refers to the item being given or told. It uses the standard relational prefix '''р-''' (or '''я-''').
* '''Ergative/Oblique Referent:''' Refers to either the giver or the recipient. It uses the relative prefix '''зы-'''.

Because '''зы-''' targets any non-absolutive argument, the resulting participle is formally ambiguous in isolation. The specific meaning ("the giver" vs. "the recipient") is determined by context or by which noun carries the adverbial case.


{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;"
! Verb
! Verb
! Absolutive Participle
! Absolutive Participle (The "Gift")
! Ergative/Oblique Participle (зы-)
! Ergative/Oblique Participle (The "Actor/Recipient")
|-
|-
| {{lang|ady|етын}} "to give (something to someone)"
| {{lang|ady|етын}} "to give"
| {{lang|ady|ритырэр / ритырэм}} (pres.)
{{lang|ady|ритыгъэр / ритыгъэм}} (past)
"the thing being given"
| {{lang|ady|ритырэр}} (pres.) / {{lang|ady|ритыгъэр}} (past)
"the thing being given"
| {{lang|ady|зритырэр / зритырэм}} (pres.)
{{lang|ady|зритыгъэр / зритыгъэм}} (past)
"the one who gives / the recipient"
| {{lang|ady|зритырэр}} (pres.) / {{lang|ady|зритыгъэр}} (past)
"the giver" OR "the recipient"
|-
|-
| {{lang|ady|Ӏон}} "to say (something to someone)"
| {{lang|ady|Ӏон}} "to say"
| {{lang|ady|риӀорэр / риӀорэм}} (pres.)
{{lang|ady|риӀуагъэр / риӀуагъэм}} (past)
"that which is said"
| {{lang|ady|риӀорэр}} (pres.) / {{lang|ady|риӀуагъэр}} (past)
"that which is said"
| {{lang|ady|зыриӀорэр / зыриӀорэм}} (pres.)
{{lang|ady|зыриӀуагъэр / зыриӀуагъэм}} (past)
"the one who says it"
| {{lang|ady|зыриӀорэр}} (pres.) / {{lang|ady|зыриӀуагъэр}} (past)
"the sayer" OR "the listener"
|}
|}


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! Translation
! Translation
|-
|-
⚫
| {{lang|ady|КӀалэм пшъашъэм тхылъыр реты}}
| {{lang|ady|КӀалэ}}'''м''' {{lang|ady|пшъашъэ}}'''м''' {{lang|ady|тхылъы}}'''р''' {{lang|ady|реты}}
| Boy-'''ERG''' girl-'''OBL''' book-'''ABS''' gives
| Boy-ERG girl-OBL book-ABS gives
| "The boy gives the book to the girl."
| "The boy gives the book to the girl."
|-
|-
| {{lang|ady|Ритырэр тхылъыр ары}}
| {{lang|ady|Ритырэр тхылъыр ары}}
| That-which-is-given is-book
| That-which-is-given is-book
| "The thing being given is the book." (absolutive)
| "The thing being given is the book."
|-
|-
| {{lang|ady|Езытырэр кӀалэр ары}}
| {{lang|ady|Зритырэр кӀалэр ары}}
| Giver is-boy
| Giver/Recipient is-boy
| "The one who gives is the boy." (ergative)
| "The one who gives is the boy."
|-
|-
| {{lang|ady|Зритырэр пшъашъэр ары}}
| {{lang|ady|Зритырэр пшъашъэр ары}}
| Recipient is-girl
| Giver/Recipient is-girl
| "The one to whom it is given is the girl." (oblique)
| "The one to whom it is given is the girl."
|-
|-
⚫
| {{lang|ady|КӀалэм пшъашъэм гущыӀэ дэгъур риӀуагъ}}
| {{lang|ady|КӀалэ}}'''м''' {{lang|ady|пшъашъэ}}'''м''' {{lang|ady|тхылъы}}'''р''' {{lang|ady|ритыгъ}}
| Boy-ERG girl-OBL nice-word-ABS said
| Boy-'''ERG''' girl-'''OBL''' book-'''ABS''' gave
⚫
| "The boy gave the book to the girl."
⚫
|-
⚫
| {{lang|ady|Ритыгъэр тхылъыр ары}}
| That-which-was-given is-book
| "The thing given was the book."
|-
| {{lang|ady|Езытыгъэр кӀалэр ары}}
| Giver is-boy
| "The one who gave is the boy."
|-
⚫
| {{lang|ady|Зритыгъэр пшъашъэр ары}}
⚫
| Recipient is-girl
| "The one to whom it was given is the girl."
|-
| {{lang|ady|КӀалэ}}'''м''' {{lang|ady|пшъашъэ}}'''м''' {{lang|ady|гущыӀэ дэгъу}}'''р''' {{lang|ady|реӀо}}
| Boy-'''ERG''' girl-'''OBL''' nice-word-'''ABS''' says
| "The boy says a nice word to the girl."
|-
⚫
| {{lang|ady|РиӀорэр гущыӀэ дэгъур ары}}
| That-which-is-said is-nice-word
| "What is being said is a nice word."
|-
| {{lang|ady|ЗыриӀорэр кӀалэр ары}}
| Sayer is-boy
| "The one who says it is the boy."
|-
| {{lang|ady|КӀалэ}}'''м''' {{lang|ady|пшъашъэ}}'''м''' {{lang|ady|гущыӀэ дэгъу}}'''р''' {{lang|ady|риӀуагъ}}
| Boy-'''ERG''' girl-'''OBL''' nice-word-'''ABS''' said
| "The boy said a nice word to the girl."
| "The boy said a nice word to the girl."
|-
|-
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|-
|-
| {{lang|ady|ЗыриӀуагъэр кӀалэр ары}}
| {{lang|ady|ЗыриӀуагъэр кӀалэр ары}}
| Sayer is-boy
| Sayer/Listener is-boy
| "The one who said it is the boy."
| "The one who said it is the boy."
⚫
|-
⚫
| {{lang|ady|ЗыриӀуагъэр пшъашъэр ары}}
⚫
| Sayer/Listener is-girl
⚫
| "The one to whom it was said is the girl."
|}
|}


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