Planned liberalism

{{Short description|Cameroonian historical economic policy}}{{Copy edit|date=April 2026}}

{{Short description|Cameroonian historical economic policy}}{{Copy edit|date=April 2026}}

'''Planned liberalism''' ({{Langx|fr|Libéralisme planifié}}) is an [[economy of Cameroon|economic]] policy followed in [[Cameroon]] since the 1960s that aims to merge the best concepts of [[capitalism]] and [[socialism]].Ibid.E. Bongmba: The Dialectics of Transformation in Africa , Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2006, p. 56 {{ISBN?}} Abel Eyinga sees it more as an ''African [[Dirigisme]]''A. Eyinga: "Gaullist Afrika: Cameroon under Ahmadu Ahidjo, cap. From African Socialism to Liberal Planning", Fourth Dimension Publishing Co. Ltd., Enugu, Nigeria 2002 (herdruk van het origineel uit 1978), p. 137 while Pierre Chauleur saw it more as a humane variant of [[socialism]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1976/08/CHAULEUR/33871#partage|title=Un " libéralisme planifié " pour associer le secteur privé aux efforts de développement|first=Pierre|last=Chauleur|date=August 1, 1976|website=Le Monde diplomatique}} It had characteristics of a [[planned economy]],Kum, George Fuh and Jude Kawzu Kum. "Understanding Agro-pastoral shows in a Planned Economy (1973–1987): The Case of Cameroon". ''Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and sSocial Sciences'' 5 No. 7 (2017): 770–778 [[economic nationalism]] and [[crony capitalism]].{{Cite web |last1=KahjumTakor |first1=Nixon |last2=FuhKum |first2=George |title=Incubation of the Economic Crisis in Post-Colonial Cameroon 1960–1987: An Experience in State Capitalism |url=https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijhsse/v5-i8/8.pdf}} Another view is that planned liberalism is [[New Keynesian economics|neo-Keynesian]].{{Cite web | title=Race to the Bottom: La banqueroute du «libéralisme communautaire» et de la psyché nationale au Cameroun / The Bankruptcy of the “Communal Liberalism” and the National Psyche in Cameroon. {{!}} Espace d'Expression du Comité de Libération des Prisonniers Politiques (CL2P) | url=https://engojoeldidier.wordpress.com/2018/03/03/race-to-the-bottom-la-banqueroute-du-liberalisme-communautaire-et-de-la-psyche-nationale-au-cameroun-the-bankruptcy-of-the-communal-liberalism-and-the-national-psyche/ | access-date=2026-01-20 | website=engojoeldidier.wordpress.com}}

'''Planned liberalism''' ({{Langx|fr|Libéralisme planifié}}) is an [[economy of Cameroon|economic]] policy followed in [[Cameroon]] since the 1960s that aims to merge the best concepts of [[capitalism]] and [[socialism]].Ibid.E. Bongmba: The Dialectics of Transformation in Africa , Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2006, p. 56 {{ISBN?}} Abel Eyinga sees it more as an ''African [[Dirigisme]]''A. Eyinga: "Gaullist Afrika: Cameroon under Ahmadu Ahidjo, cap. From African Socialism to Liberal Planning", Fourth Dimension Publishing Co. Ltd., Enugu, Nigeria 2002 (herdruk van het origineel uit 1978), p. 137 while Pierre Chauleur saw it more as a humane variant of [[socialism]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/1976/08/CHAULEUR/33871#partage|title=Un " libéralisme planifié " pour associer le secteur privé aux efforts de développement|first=Pierre|last=Chauleur|date=August 1, 1976|website=Le Monde diplomatique}} It had characteristics of a [[planned economy]],Kum, George Fuh and Jude Kawzu Kum. "Understanding Agro-pastoral shows in a Planned Economy (1973–1987): The Case of Cameroon". ''Scholars Journal of Arts, Humanities and sSocial Sciences'' 5 No. 7 (2017): 770–778 [[economic nationalism]] and [[crony capitalism]].{{Cite web |last1=KahjumTakor |first1=Nixon |last2=FuhKum |first2=George |title=Incubation of the Economic Crisis in Post-Colonial Cameroon 1960–1987: An Experience in State Capitalism |url=https://www.arcjournals.org/pdfs/ijhsse/v5-i8/8.pdf}} Another view is that planned liberalism is [[New Keynesian economics|neo-Keynesian]].{{Cite web | title=Race to the Bottom: La banqueroute du «libéralisme communautaire» et de la psyché nationale au Cameroun / The Bankruptcy of the "Communal Liberalism" and the National Psyche in Cameroon. {{!}} Espace d'Expression du Comité de Libération des Prisonniers Politiques (CL2P) | url=https://engojoeldidier.wordpress.com/2018/03/03/race-to-the-bottom-la-banqueroute-du-liberalisme-communautaire-et-de-la-psyche-nationale-au-cameroun-the-bankruptcy-of-the-communal-liberalism-and-the-national-psyche/ | access-date=2026-01-20 | website=engojoeldidier.wordpress.com}}

==Planned liberalism in Cameroon==

==Planned liberalism in Cameroon==

During the rule of dictator [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] (1973–1994), [[Rwanda]] adopted an economic policy referred to as "liberal planning" ("Libéralisme planifié"){{Cite web |title=The International Coffee Economy and the Production of Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://pol.illinoisstate.edu/downloads/conferences/2006/Coffee--Isaac_Kamola.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023018/https://pol.illinoisstate.edu/downloads/conferences/2006/Coffee--Isaac_Kamola.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-12 |website=pol.illinoisstate.edu}}J. Habyarimana: Discours, messages et entretiens , 1982, p. 328 Liberal planning as an economic ideology was proclaimed at the third congress of the ruling Mouvement Révolutionnaire Nationale pour le Développement (MRND) in 1980{{Cite journal|url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=189617381|title=Le liberalisme planifie rwandais: une approche théorique|first=A.|last=Mugesera|date=April 8, 1983|journal=Zaïre-Afrique: économie, culture, vie sociale|volume=23|issue=180|pages=597–607|via=www.africabib.org}} and involved a six-year development plan (1980–1986) aimed at foreign (Western) investors, self-sufficient food production, better use of human resources, and improved living conditions.United Nations Economic and Social Council Meeting Record March 22, 1984, p. 11 In 1988, state-owned enterprises were privatized as part of the liberal planning policy.Karake Karenzi: POLITICAL PATRONAGE AND PRIVATIZATION OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF KENYA AND RWANDA , University of Nairobi, Masters thesis 2004, p. 52

During the rule of dictator [[Juvénal Habyarimana]] (1973–1994), [[Rwanda]] adopted an economic policy referred to as "liberal planning" ("Libéralisme planifié"){{Cite web |title=The International Coffee Economy and the Production of Genocide in Rwanda |url=https://pol.illinoisstate.edu/downloads/conferences/2006/Coffee--Isaac_Kamola.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023018/https://pol.illinoisstate.edu/downloads/conferences/2006/Coffee--Isaac_Kamola.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-12 |website=pol.illinoisstate.edu}}J. Habyarimana: Discours, messages et entretiens , 1982, p. 328 Liberal planning as an economic ideology was proclaimed at the third congress of the ruling Mouvement Révolutionnaire Nationale pour le Développement (MRND) in 1980{{Cite journal|url=https://www.africabib.org/rec.php?RID=189617381|title=Le liberalisme planifie rwandais: une approche théorique|first=A.|last=Mugesera|date=April 8, 1983|journal=Zaïre-Afrique: économie, culture, vie sociale|volume=23|issue=180|pages=597–607|via=www.africabib.org}} and involved a six-year development plan (1980–1986) aimed at foreign (Western) investors, self-sufficient food production, better use of human resources, and improved living conditions.United Nations Economic and Social Council Meeting Record March 22, 1984, p. 11 In 1988, state-owned enterprises were privatized as part of the liberal planning policy.Karake Karenzi: POLITICAL PATRONAGE AND PRIVATIZATION OF PUBLIC ENTERPRISES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF KENYA AND RWANDA , University of Nairobi, Masters thesis 2004, p. 52

[[Ivory Coast]] under [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]] from 1960 until 1978 embraced something similar to planned liberalism, afterwards he embraced [[economic liberalism]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/Ivoirien_Capitalism_African_Entrepreneurs_in_Cote_d_Ivoire|title=Lynne Rienner Publishers | Ivoirien Capitalism African Entrepreneurs in Cote d Ivoire|website=www.rienner.com}}{{Cite book|url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781685855819-016/html?lang=de&srsltid=AfmBOormUcW7Z8zU74vbj3MgsturpSMP_ODDouyeph-kv77cdo9iPb7y|title=The African Bourgeoisie|first=Tom|last=Forrest|date=April 13, 2023|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|pages=307–342|via=www.degruyterbrill.com|doi=10.1515/9781685855819-016}}{{Cite journal|title=Liberal models of Capitalist Development in Africa: Ivory Coast|author=Nyongo, P. Anyang|year=1978|journal=Africa Development / Afrique et Développement|volume=3|issue=2|pages=5–20|jstor=24486337 }}Aka Anghui, Bra Kanon, Félix Houphouët-Boigny and others: L'économie ivorienne, Bulletin de l'Afrique noire Paris 1976 (no page numbering){{Cite web|url=https://www.afrique-planete.com/cote_ivoire/economie.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050513044036/http://www.afrique-planete.com/cote_ivoire/economie.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 13, 2005|title=Cote D'Ivorie – Economie|website=www.afrique-planete.com}} The [[Democratic Party of Ivory Coast]] claims to be an [[Economic liberalism|economic liberal]] which excludes state intervention in economic activities. However, the PDCI accommodates [[state capitalism]], but after independence it is only considered as a transitional phase, while waiting for Ivorian capitalists to be trained. They embraced [[state capitalism]] from 1960 until 1970s.Francis Wodie, "Political life in Ivory Coast from 1945 to 1969", ''Algerian Review of Legal and Political Sciences'', vol. 6, no. 3, September 15, 1969, pp. 821–842{{Cite web|url=https://54collective.vc/insight/cote-divoire-deep-dive-part-ii-francafrique-liberal-state-capitalism-and-socio-ethnic-tensions/|title=Cote d'Ivoire Deep Dive Part II: Françafrique, liberal state capitalism and socio-ethnic tensions |date=February 15, 2024|website=54 Collective}}{{Cite journal|url=https://academic.oup.com/isq/article-abstract/32/3/259/1853919?redirectedFrom=fulltext|title=The Ivory Coast at the Semi-Periphery of the World-Economy|first=Karen A.|last=Mingst|date=September 1, 1988|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=32|issue=3|pages=259–274|via=Silverchair|doi=10.2307/2600443|jstor=2600443 |url-access=subscription}}{{Cite web| title=Côte d'Ivoire’s Future: Next Steps in Development and Democracy | url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/C%C3%B4te%20d'Ivoire%E2%80%99s%20Future%20-%20Next%20Steps%20in%20Development%20and%20Democracy.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115090844/https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/C%C3%B4te%20d%27Ivoire%E2%80%99s%20Future%20-%20Next%20Steps%20in%20Development%20and%20Democracy.pdf | archive-date=2021-01-15}} Under his government, Ivory Coast took the course of [[Liberalism|liberal]] [[Free markets|free market economy]] after 1978.

[[Ivory Coast]] under [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]] from 1960 until 1978 embraced something similar to planned liberalism, afterwards he embraced [[economic liberalism]].{{Cite web|url=https://www.rienner.com/title/Ivoirien_Capitalism_African_Entrepreneurs_in_Cote_d_Ivoire|title=Lynne Rienner Publishers | Ivoirien Capitalism African Entrepreneurs in Cote d Ivoire|website=www.rienner.com}}{{Cite book|url=https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781685855819-016/html?lang=de&srsltid=AfmBOormUcW7Z8zU74vbj3MgsturpSMP_ODDouyeph-kv77cdo9iPb7y|title=The African Bourgeoisie|first=Tom|last=Forrest|date=April 13, 2023|publisher=Lynne Rienner Publishers|pages=307–342|via=www.degruyterbrill.com|doi=10.1515/9781685855819-016}}{{Cite journal|title=Liberal models of Capitalist Development in Africa: Ivory Coast|author=Nyongo, P. Anyang|year=1978|journal=Africa Development / Afrique et Développement|volume=3|issue=2|pages=5–20|jstor=24486337 }}Aka Anghui, Bra Kanon, Félix Houphouët-Boigny and others: L'économie ivorienne, Bulletin de l'Afrique noire Paris 1976 (no page numbering){{Cite web|url=https://www.afrique-planete.com/cote_ivoire/economie.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050513044036/http://www.afrique-planete.com/cote_ivoire/economie.htm|url-status=usurped|archive-date=May 13, 2005|title=Cote D'Ivorie – Economie|website=www.afrique-planete.com}} The [[Democratic Party of Ivory Coast]] claims to be an [[Economic liberalism|economic liberal]] which excludes state intervention in economic activities. However, the PDCI accommodates [[state capitalism]], but after independence it is only considered as a transitional phase, while waiting for Ivorian capitalists to be trained. They embraced [[state capitalism]] from 1960 until 1970s.Francis Wodie, "Political life in Ivory Coast from 1945 to 1969", ''Algerian Review of Legal and Political Sciences'', vol. 6, no. 3, September 15, 1969, pp. 821–842{{Cite web|url=https://54collective.vc/insight/cote-divoire-deep-dive-part-ii-francafrique-liberal-state-capitalism-and-socio-ethnic-tensions/|title=Cote d'Ivoire Deep Dive Part II: Françafrique, liberal state capitalism and socio-ethnic tensions |date=February 15, 2024|website=54 Collective}}{{Cite journal|url=https://academic.oup.com/isq/article-abstract/32/3/259/1853919?redirectedFrom=fulltext|title=The Ivory Coast at the Semi-Periphery of the World-Economy|first=Karen A.|last=Mingst|date=September 1, 1988|journal=International Studies Quarterly|volume=32|issue=3|pages=259–274|via=Silverchair|doi=10.2307/2600443|jstor=2600443 |url-access=subscription}}{{Cite web| title=Côte d'Ivoire's Future: Next Steps in Development and Democracy | url=https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/C%C3%B4te%20d'Ivoire%E2%80%99s%20Future%20-%20Next%20Steps%20in%20Development%20and%20Democracy.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115090844/https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/publications/research/C%C3%B4te%20d%27Ivoire%E2%80%99s%20Future%20-%20Next%20Steps%20in%20Development%20and%20Democracy.pdf | archive-date=2021-01-15}} Under his government, Ivory Coast took the course of [[Liberalism|liberal]] [[Free markets|free market economy]] after 1978.

[[Senegal]] under [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] embraced from 1975 on something similar to planned liberalism, even though it was more of a [[mixed economy]].S L. Senghor: "libéralisme planifié et les voies africaines vers le socialisme", lecture in Tunis in 1975

[[Senegal]] under [[Léopold Sédar Senghor]] embraced from 1975 on something similar to planned liberalism, even though it was more of a [[mixed economy]].S L. Senghor: "libéralisme planifié et les voies africaines vers le socialisme", lecture in Tunis in 1975