Lycopodina hypogea

Apr 21, 2026 - 09:20
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Lycopodina hypogea

Biology: Removed Wiktionary link: they don't actually have an entry for this word, so the link is unhelpful to readers.

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==Biology==
==Biology==
The filaments of sponges that have not fed for several weeks may elongate slightly. The species uses its [[wikt:anisochelae|anisochelae]] microscleres to capture prey, likely aided by their [[cytoplasm]]ic lining. Prey items are digested [[Extracellular digestion|outside of cells]] using [[digestive enzyme]]s, [[Autolysis (biology)|autolysis]], and bacterial action after it is covered by [[pinacocyte]]s. Further digestion is done by [[archaeocyte]]s and [[bacteriocyte]]s. Large prey such as [[Mysida|mysids]], [[pycnogonids]], [[ophiuroids]], or [[Phyllodocidae|phyllodocid worms]] (no larger than {{convert|8|mm|abbr=on}} long) is estimated to require 8 to 10 days of digestion and recovery, though the main prey appears to consist of smaller microcrustaceans such as [[copepod]]s, [[Isopoda|isopod]]s, and [[ostracod]]s. Other prey items which were experimentally offered, such as [[microbe]]s, [[Polycladida]], or [[young fish]] were not captured. Undigestible parts are excreted after 3 to 5 days. During digestion, the sponge reorganizes its body, with the degree of reorganization determinant on the size of the prey; this reorganization relies on a "highly dynamic cellular turnover", which implies a coordinated sequence of cell-death ([[apoptosis]]). Cell renewal and [[stem-cell]] proliferation seems to occur at the base of the sponge's peduncle (stalk).{{cite journal |title=Cell death and renewal during prey capture and digestion in the carnivorous sponge Asbestopluma hypogea (Porifera: Poecilosclerida) |journal=Experimental Biology |date=15 November 2012 |volume=215 |issue=22 |pages=3937–3943 |doi=10.1242/jeb.072371}}
The filaments of sponges that have not fed for several weeks may elongate slightly. The species uses its anisochelae microscleres to capture prey, likely aided by their [[cytoplasm]]ic lining. Prey items are digested [[Extracellular digestion|outside of cells]] using [[digestive enzyme]]s, [[Autolysis (biology)|autolysis]], and bacterial action after it is covered by [[pinacocyte]]s. Further digestion is done by [[archaeocyte]]s and [[bacteriocyte]]s. Large prey such as [[Mysida|mysids]], [[pycnogonids]], [[ophiuroids]], or [[Phyllodocidae|phyllodocid worms]] (no larger than {{convert|8|mm|abbr=on}} long) is estimated to require 8 to 10 days of digestion and recovery, though the main prey appears to consist of smaller microcrustaceans such as [[copepod]]s, [[Isopoda|isopod]]s, and [[ostracod]]s. Other prey items which were experimentally offered, such as [[microbe]]s, [[Polycladida]], or [[young fish]] were not captured. Undigestible parts are excreted after 3 to 5 days. During digestion, the sponge reorganizes its body, with the degree of reorganization determinant on the size of the prey; this reorganization relies on a "highly dynamic cellular turnover", which implies a coordinated sequence of cell-death ([[apoptosis]]). Cell renewal and [[stem-cell]] proliferation seems to occur at the base of the sponge's peduncle (stalk).{{cite journal |title=Cell death and renewal during prey capture and digestion in the carnivorous sponge Asbestopluma hypogea (Porifera: Poecilosclerida) |journal=Experimental Biology |date=15 November 2012 |volume=215 |issue=22 |pages=3937–3943 |doi=10.1242/jeb.072371}}


[[Sperm cell]]s are released from the filaments.{{cite journal |title=Spermatogenesis in the carnivorous sponge Lycopodina hypogea (Porifera, Demospongiae) |journal=Zoomorphology |date=February 2022 |doi=10.1007/s00435-022-00553-9}}
[[Sperm cell]]s are released from the filaments.{{cite journal |title=Spermatogenesis in the carnivorous sponge Lycopodina hypogea (Porifera, Demospongiae) |journal=Zoomorphology |date=February 2022 |doi=10.1007/s00435-022-00553-9}}
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