Lesbians in Nazi Germany

Historian [[Laurie Marhoefer]] argues that "Though not the subjects of an official state persecution, gender-nonconforming women, transvestites, and women who drew negative attention because of their homosexuality ran a clear, pronounced risk of provoking anxiety in neighbours, acquaintances, and state officials, and that anxiety could, ultimately, inspire the kind of state violence that [[Ilse Totzke|[Ilse] Totzke]] suffered"—imprisonment in [[Ravensbrück concentration camp]].{{sfn|Marhoefer|2016|pp=1193–1194}}

Historian [[Laurie Marhoefer]] argues that "Though not the subjects of an official state persecution, gender-nonconforming women, transvestites, and women who drew negative attention because of their homosexuality ran a clear, pronounced risk of provoking anxiety in neighbours, acquaintances, and state officials, and that anxiety could, ultimately, inspire the kind of state violence that [[Ilse Totzke|[Ilse] Totzke]] suffered"—imprisonment in [[Ravensbrück concentration camp]].{{sfn|Marhoefer|2016|pp=1193–1194}}

The legal structures varied across the territories that the Nazis controlled. While in Germany there were no laws that criminalised sexual relationships between women, in Austria paragraph 129 of the 1852 penal code did criminalise sexual relationships between women.{{sfn|Vendrell|2018|p=337}}{{sfn|Huneke|2021|p=297}}{{sfn|Rupp|2009|pp=181–183}} This continued to be enforced after [[Anschluss]], and in 1939 after the establishment of the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]], the Austrian penal code was applied to this this territory including paragraph 129.{{cite web |last1=Gabaľová |first1=Dorota |last2=Elmecker |first2=Thomas |date=2025 |title=Queer Persecution and the Issue with Documenting Their Stories |url=https://www.holocaust.cz/en/history/queer-persecution/queer-persecution-and-the-issue-with-documenting-their-stories/ |website=holocaust.cz |publisher=[[Terezín Initiative|Institut Terezínské iniciativy]] |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=}} In 1940, a court ruling aligned the Austrian law with the 1935 version of [[Paragraph 175]] of the German Criminal Code, increasing prosecution and criminal penalties.{{sfn|Kreiner|2016|pp=18–31}}{{sfn|Schlagdenhauffen|2018|p=45}}

The legal structures varied across the territories that the Nazis controlled. While in Germany there were no laws that criminalised sexual relationships between women, in Austria paragraph 129 of the 1852 penal code did criminalise sexual relationships between women.{{sfn|Vendrell|2018|p=337}}{{sfn|Rupp|2009|pp=181–183}}{{sfn|Huneke|2021|p=297}} This continued to be enforced after [[Anschluss]], and in 1939 after the establishment of the [[Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia]], the Austrian penal code was applied to this this territory including paragraph 129.{{cite web |last1=Gabaľová |first1=Dorota |last2=Elmecker |first2=Thomas |date=2025 |title=Queer Persecution and the Issue with Documenting Their Stories |url=https://www.holocaust.cz/en/history/queer-persecution/queer-persecution-and-the-issue-with-documenting-their-stories/ |website=holocaust.cz |publisher=[[Terezín Initiative|Institut Terezínské iniciativy]] |url-status=live |archive-url= |archive-date=}} In 1940, a court ruling aligned the Austrian law with the 1935 version of [[Paragraph 175]] of the German Criminal Code, increasing prosecution and criminal penalties.{{sfn|Kreiner|2016|pp=18–31}}{{sfn|Schlagdenhauffen|2018|p=45}}

==Memorials==

==Memorials==