Kingdom of Bosnia

| symbol = Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina

| symbol = Coat of arms of Bosnia and Herzegovina

| symbol_type = Coat of arms

| symbol_type = Coat of arms

| image_map = File:Europe-Bosniankingdom.png

| image_map = Medieval Bosnian State Expansion-en.svg

| image_map_caption = Medieval Bosnian State Expansion

| image_map_caption = Medieval Bosnian State Expansion

| capital = {{ubl|[[Visoko during the Middle Ages|Visoko]]|[[Jajce]]|[[Bobovac]]}}

| capital = {{ubl|[[Visoko during the Middle Ages|Visoko]]|[[Jajce]]|[[Bobovac]]}}

==Background==

==Background==

{{Main|Banate of Bosnia}}

{{Main|Banate of Bosnia}}

The [[Banate of Bosnia]] was a medieval state comprising, at its peak, most of what is today [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], as well as parts of [[Dalmatia]] (in [[Croatia]]), [[Serbia]], and [[Montenegro]]. Although nominally belonging to the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] [[Lands of the Hungarian Crown|crown lands]], it was a de facto independent state.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=44, 148}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA627 |title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture |author=Richard C. Frucht|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|page=631}}{{sfn|Klaić|1994|pp=34, 42, 55, 58, 71, 76, 105, 116, 119, 169, 172, 173, 181, 183, 186, 221}} After the reign of [[Ban Kulin]], rulers of [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]] enjoyed virtual independence from Hungary,{{sfn|Fine|1994|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}}{{sfn|Klaić|1994|pp=34, 42, 55, 58, 71, 76, 105, 116, 119, 169, 172, 173, 181, 183, 186, 221}} and although they formally held a [[vassal]] position for much of this time, in reality they managed to maintain independent functions and even expand their rule in Serbia, Croatia, and Dalmatia.

The [[Banate of Bosnia]] was a medieval state comprising, at its peak, most of what is today [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], as well as parts of [[Dalmatia]] (in [[Croatia]]), [[Serbia]], and [[Montenegro]]. Although nominally belonging to the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] [[Lands of the Hungarian Crown|crown lands]], it was a de facto independent state.{{sfn|Fine|1994|pp=44, 148}}{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA627 |title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture |author=Richard C. Frucht|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2005|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|page=631}}{{sfn|Klaić|1994|pp=34, 42, 55, 58, 71, 76, 105, 116, 119, 169, 172, 173, 181, 183, 186, 221}} After the reign of [[Ban Kulin]], rulers of [[Bosnia (region)|Bosnia]] enjoyed virtual independence from Hungary,{{sfn|Fine|1994|p={{page needed|date=December 2021}}}}{{sfn|Klaić|1994|pp=34, 42, 55, 58, 71, 76, 105, 116, 119, 169, 172, 173, 181, 183, 186, 221}} and although they formally held a [[vassal]] position for much of this time, in reality they managed to maintain independent functions and even expand their rule in Serbia, Croatia, and Dalmatia.

=== Stanak ===

=== Stanak ===

{{Main|Stanak}}

{{Main|Stanak}}

[[Feudal fragmentation]] remained important feature in Bosnia and the Bosnian nobility held significant power, exercising it at the [[Stanak]] meetings. The Stanak is the most common name used to refer to the assembly of nobility in [[medieval Bosnia]], and it is first attested in the charter of [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia|Tvrtko I]] in 1354.{{cite web |last=Radušić |first=Edin |year=2010 |title=Istorija parlamentarizma u BiH |url=https://www.parlament.ba/istorija/default.aspx?id=27865&langTag=bs-BA&pril=b |work=Parlamentarna skupština Bosne i Hercegovine |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-date=25 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525012702/https://www.parlament.ba/istorija/default.aspx?id=27865&langTag=bs-BA&pril=b |url-status=dead }} Its influence peaked between the 1390s and the 1420s. The existence of the ''stanak'' proved a unity and feeling of belonging to a Bosnian identity and integrity,{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=172}} but also it illustrated weakness of the monarch and [[decentralization]] of the state.{{citation |last=Van Antwerp Fine |first=John |title=The Bosnian Church: Its Place in State and Society from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century |pages=174 |year=2007 |publisher=Saqi |isbn=978-0863565038 |author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr.}}

[[Feudal fragmentation]] remained important feature in Bosnia and the Bosnian nobility held significant power, exercising it at the [[Stanak]] meetings. The Stanak is the most common name used to refer to the assembly of nobility in [[medieval Bosnia]], and it is first attested in the charter of [[Tvrtko I of Bosnia|Tvrtko I]] in 1354.{{cite web |last=Radušić |first=Edin |year=2010 |title=Istorija parlamentarizma u BiH |url=https://www.parlament.ba/istorija/default.aspx?id=27865&langTag=bs-BA&pril=b |work=Parlamentarna skupština Bosne i Hercegovine |publisher=Parliamentary Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina |access-date=29 December 2019 |archive-date=25 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525012702/https://www.parlament.ba/istorija/default.aspx?id=27865&langTag=bs-BA&pril=b |url-status=dead }} Its influence peaked between the 1390s and the 1420s. The existence of the ''stanak'' proved a unity and feeling of belonging to a Bosnian identity and integrity,{{sfn|Ćirković|1964|p=172}} but also it illustrated weakness of the monarch and [[decentralization]] of the state.{{citation |last=Van Antwerp Fine |first=John |title=The Bosnian Church: Its Place in State and Society from the Thirteenth to the Fifteenth Century |pages=174 |year=2007 |publisher=Saqi |isbn=978-0863565038 |author-link=John Van Antwerp Fine, Jr.}}

[[File:Map_of_Roman_Catholic_monasteries_in_Bosnia_in_the_15th_century.png|thumb|Roman Catholic monasteries in Bosnia in the 15th century]]

[[File:Map_of_Roman_Catholic_monasteries_in_Bosnia_in_the_15th_century.png|thumb|Roman Catholic monasteries in Bosnia in the 15th century]]

{{Main|Bosnian Church|Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Orthodox Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

{{Main|Bosnian Church|Catholic Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Orthodox Church in Bosnia and Herzegovina}}

The territory of Bosnia and today's Herzegovina is littered with medieval gravestones called [[stećak]], which first appeared in the middle of the 12th century. They were a tradition among [[Bosnian Church|Bosnian]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] Church followers alike.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=487}} While Bosnia had many architecturally impressive stone fortresses, its medieval churches were small, especially compared to Catholic churches along the coast and Orthodox monasteries in neighboring Serbia,{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=487}} possibly because of the indifference of Bosnian nobles towards formal religion.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=487}}

The territory of Bosnia and today's Herzegovina is littered with medieval gravestones called [[stećak]], which first appeared in the middle of the 12th century. They were a tradition among [[Bosnian Church|Bosnian]], [[Catholic Church|Catholic]] and [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] Church followers alike.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=487}} While Bosnia had many architecturally impressive stone fortresses, its medieval churches were small, especially compared to Catholic churches along the coast and Orthodox monasteries in neighboring Serbia,{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=487}} possibly because of the indifference of Bosnian nobles towards formal religion.{{sfn|Fine|1994|p=487}}

==Further reading==

==Further reading==

{{refbegin}}

{{refbegin}}

*{{Cite book |last=Bataković |first=Dušan T. |title=The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3xpAAAAMAAJ |date=1996 |publisher=Dialogue Association |isbn=9782911527104}}

*{{Cite book|last=Bataković|first=Dušan T.|title=The Serbs of Bosnia & Herzegovina: History and Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k3xpAAAAMAAJ|date=1996|publisher=Dialogue Association |isbn=9782911527104}}

*{{Cite book |last=Kovačević Kojić |first=Desanka |title=Trgovina u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5GXAQAACAAJ |date=1961 |publisher=Naučno društvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine, 1961}}

*{{Cite book|last=Kovačević Kojić|first=Desanka|title=Trgovina u srednjovjekovnoj Bosni|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F5GXAQAACAAJ|date=1961|publisher=Naučno društvo NR Bosne i Hercegovine, 1961}}

*{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/bosniashorthisto00malc |title=Bosnia: A Short History (Vlachs in Bosnia) |last=Malcom |first=Noel |publisher=New York University Press |others=Reprinted by permission of the author and New York University Press |year=1994 |isbn=9780814755204 |author-link=Noel Malcolm |url-access=registration}}

*{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bosniashorthisto00malc|title=Bosnia: A Short History (Vlachs in Bosnia)|last=Malcom|first=Noel|publisher=New York University Press|others=Reprinted by permission of the author and New York University Press|year=1994|isbn=9780814755204|author-link=Noel Malcolm|url-access=registration}}

*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Vojna enciklopedija |year=1970–1976 |series=10 volumes |publisher=Vojno izdavački zavod |place=Beograd |at=book 3, pp. 798–799 |title=Jajce}}

*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Vojna enciklopedija |year=1970–1976 |series=10 volumes |publisher=Vojno izdavački zavod |place=Beograd |at=book 3, pp. 798–799 |title=Jajce}}

{{refend}}

{{refend}}