Jōmon period

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Jōmon period

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{{Short description|Japanese prehistorical period}}
{{Short description|Japanese prehistorical period}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2025}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2026}}
{{History of Japan | prehistoric|image=File:Stone statue, late Jomon period.JPG |caption=Final Jōmon {{nihongo|''[[dogū]]''|土偶|"earthenware figure"}} figurine, 1000–400 BC}}
{{History of Japan | prehistoric|image=File:Stone statue, late Jomon period.JPG |caption=Final Jōmon {{nihongo|''[[dogū]]''|土偶|"earthenware figure"}} figurine, 1000–400 BC}}


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Recent findings have refined the final phase of the Jōmon period to 300 BCE.{{cite journal |last1=Perri |first1=Angela R. |year=2016 |title=Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jōmon Japan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F1469BF53172B3C30B7E9B5F9B67C701/S0003598X16001150a.pdf/hunting-dogs-as-environmental-adaptations-in-jomon-japan.pdf |journal=Antiquity |volume=90 |issue=353 |pages=1166–1180 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2016.115 |s2cid=163956846}}{{cite journal |first1=Timothy |last1=Jinam |first2=Hideaki |last2=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first3=Naruya|last3= Saitou |year=2015|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/90/3/90_147/_article |title=Human genetic diversity in the Japanese Archipelago: dual structure and beyond |journal=Genes & Genetic Systems |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=147–152 |doi=10.1266/ggs.90.147 |pmid=26510569 |doi-access=free}}{{cite book|last=Robbeets |first=Martine |author-link=Martine Robbeets |title=Diachrony of Verb Morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u8xCgAAQBAJ&q=Jomon |access-date=September 27, 2025|page=26 |year=2015 |publisher=De Gruyter|location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-039994-3}} The [[Yayoi period]] started between 500 and 300 BCE according to [[Radiocarbon dating|radio-carbon]] evidence, while Yayoi styled pottery was found in a Jōmon site in northern [[Kyushu]] in 800 BC.{{cite book |last=Silberman |first=Neil Asher |year=2012 |title=The Oxford Companion to Archaeology |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York|pages=154–155|isbn=978-0199735785}}{{cite book |last=Schirokauer |first=Conrad |year=2013 |title=A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations |publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning |location=Boston|pages=133–143|isbn=978-0495913221}}{{cite journal|year=2007|title=A comment on the Yayoi Period dating controversy|url=http://www.seaa-web.org/bul-essay-01.htm|journal=Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology|volume=1|surname=Shōda|given=Shinya|archive-date=August 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801234503/http://www.seaa-web.org/bul-essay-01.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=September 27, 2025}}
Recent findings have refined the final phase of the Jōmon period to 300 BCE.{{cite journal |last1=Perri |first1=Angela R. |year=2016 |title=Hunting dogs as environmental adaptations in Jōmon Japan |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F1469BF53172B3C30B7E9B5F9B67C701/S0003598X16001150a.pdf/hunting-dogs-as-environmental-adaptations-in-jomon-japan.pdf |journal=Antiquity |volume=90 |issue=353 |pages=1166–1180 |doi=10.15184/aqy.2016.115 |s2cid=163956846}}{{cite journal |first1=Timothy |last1=Jinam |first2=Hideaki |last2=Kanzawa-Kiriyama |first3=Naruya|last3= Saitou |year=2015|url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ggs/90/3/90_147/_article |title=Human genetic diversity in the Japanese Archipelago: dual structure and beyond |journal=Genes & Genetic Systems |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=147–152 |doi=10.1266/ggs.90.147 |pmid=26510569 |doi-access=free}}{{cite book|last=Robbeets |first=Martine |author-link=Martine Robbeets |title=Diachrony of Verb Morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian Languages |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1u8xCgAAQBAJ&q=Jomon |access-date=September 27, 2025|page=26 |year=2015 |publisher=De Gruyter|location=Berlin |isbn=978-3-11-039994-3}} The [[Yayoi period]] started between 500 and 300 BCE according to [[Radiocarbon dating|radio-carbon]] evidence, while Yayoi styled pottery was found in a Jōmon site in northern [[Kyushu]] in 800 BC.{{cite book |last=Silberman |first=Neil Asher |year=2012 |title=The Oxford Companion to Archaeology |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York|pages=154–155|isbn=978-0199735785}}{{cite book |last=Schirokauer |first=Conrad |year=2013 |title=A Brief History of Chinese and Japanese Civilizations |publisher=Wadsworth Cengage Learning |location=Boston|pages=133–143|isbn=978-0495913221}}{{cite journal|year=2007|title=A comment on the Yayoi Period dating controversy|url=http://www.seaa-web.org/bul-essay-01.htm|journal=Bulletin of the Society for East Asian Archaeology|volume=1|surname=Shōda|given=Shinya|archive-date=August 1, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801234503/http://www.seaa-web.org/bul-essay-01.htm|url-status=dead|access-date=September 27, 2025}}


The Japanese archipelago can be divided into 3 regions for which the chronology of the Jōmon period or its subsequent period are applied differently: Honshu and Kyushu, Okinawa and the Ryukyu Isles, and Hokkaido and Northern Tohōku.{{Cite journal |last=Nakazawa |first=Yuichi |title=Human Colonization of Asia in the Late Pleistocene|date=December 2017 |journal=Current Anthropology|article-number=S539–S543|volume=58|issue=S17|doi=10.1086/694447 |jstor=26544633}} In Okinawa and the Ryukyu Isles, the Jōmon period does not apply as the Jōmon people were mostly absent from these places. Instead, common chronology for the area uses the [[Shellmidden Period]],{{cite journal|last=Asato |first=Susumu|title=考古学からみた現代琉球人の形成|trans-title=The formation of modern Ryukyu people from an archaeological perspective |language=ja|volume=105|issue=3|pages=364–371|year=1996|journal=Earth Science Journal |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgeography1889/105/3/105_3_364/_pdf|access-date=September 27, 2025}}{{cite journal|journal=Jomon Culture and Okinawan Shell Mound Culture|title=荻堂貝塚発掘調査100年 貝塚研究の新視点縄文文化と沖縄の貝塚文化|language=ja|issue= June|year=2019|pages=13–24|last=Kinoshita|first=Naoko |trans-title=100 years since the Ogido Shell Mound Excavation: A new perspective on shell mound research}} or the Sakishima Prehistoric Period specifically for the island. As for Hokkaido and Northern Tohoku, the Jōmon people were replaced not by the Yayoi people like in most of Japan, such as central and southern Honshu, but by the related people of the Zoku-Jomon which ushered in the [[Zoku-Jōmon period|Zoku-Jōmon Period]] unique to the North.{{cite book|last=Barnes|first= Gina |year=2015|title=Archaeology of East Asia: The Rise of Civilization in China, Korea and Japan|publisher=Oxbow Books|location=Havertown, Pennsylvania|page= 49|isbn=978-1785700705}}{{cite book|last=Batten|first=Bruce Loyd|year=2003|title=To the Ends of Japan: Premodern Frontiers, Boundaries, and Interactions|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|page= 7 |isbn=978-0824824471}}
The Japanese archipelago can be divided into 3 regions for which the chronology of the Jōmon period or its subsequent period are applied differently: Honshu and Kyushu, Okinawa and the Ryukyu Isles, and Hokkaido and Northern Tohōku.{{Cite journal |last=Nakazawa |first=Yuichi |title=Human Colonization of Asia in the Late Pleistocene|date=December 2017 |journal=Current Anthropology|article-number=S539–S543|volume=58|issue=S17|doi=10.1086/694447 |jstor=26544633 |hdl=2115/72078 }} In Okinawa and the Ryukyu Isles, the Jōmon period does not apply as the Jōmon people were mostly absent from these places. Instead, common chronology for the area uses the [[Shellmidden Period]],{{cite journal|last=Asato |first=Susumu|title=考古学からみた現代琉球人の形成|trans-title=The formation of modern Ryukyu people from an archaeological perspective |language=ja|volume=105|issue=3|pages=364–371|year=1996|journal=Earth Science Journal |url=https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jgeography1889/105/3/105_3_364/_pdf|access-date=September 27, 2025}}{{cite journal|journal=Jomon Culture and Okinawan Shell Mound Culture|title=荻堂貝塚発掘調査100年 貝塚研究の新視点縄文文化と沖縄の貝塚文化|language=ja|issue= June|year=2019|pages=13–24|last=Kinoshita|first=Naoko |trans-title=100 years since the Ogido Shell Mound Excavation: A new perspective on shell mound research}} or the Sakishima Prehistoric Period specifically for the island. As for Hokkaido and Northern Tohoku, the Jōmon people were replaced not by the Yayoi people like in most of Japan, such as central and southern Honshu, but by the related people of the Zoku-Jomon which ushered in the [[Zoku-Jōmon period|Zoku-Jōmon Period]] unique to the North.{{cite book|last=Barnes|first= Gina |year=2015|title=Archaeology of East Asia: The Rise of Civilization in China, Korea and Japan|publisher=Oxbow Books|location=Havertown, Pennsylvania|page= 49|isbn=978-1785700705}}{{cite book|last=Batten|first=Bruce Loyd|year=2003|title=To the Ends of Japan: Premodern Frontiers, Boundaries, and Interactions|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|page= 7 |isbn=978-0824824471}}


== Origin and ethnogenesis==
== Origin and ethnogenesis==
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[[File:Clay mask, Jomon period 1000-400 BC.jpg|thumb|Jōmon ''[[Domen (clay mask)|domen]]'' clay mask, bearing similarities to clay masks found in the [[Amur]] region{{cite journal|title=The Contribution of Archaeology to Japanese Studies|journal=The Journal of Japanese Studies|last=Pearson|first=Richard|pages=324=325|volume=2|issue=2|year=1976|doi=10.2307/132057|jstor=132057}}|alt=Clay mask]]
[[File:Clay mask, Jomon period 1000-400 BC.jpg|thumb|Jōmon ''[[Domen (clay mask)|domen]]'' clay mask, bearing similarities to clay masks found in the [[Amur]] region{{cite journal|title=The Contribution of Archaeology to Japanese Studies|journal=The Journal of Japanese Studies|last=Pearson|first=Richard|pages=324=325|volume=2|issue=2|year=1976|doi=10.2307/132057|jstor=132057}}|alt=Clay mask]]


Highly ornate pottery ''[[dogū]]'' figurines and vessels, such as the so-called "flame style" vessels, and lacquered wood objects remain from that time. Although the ornamentation of pottery increased over time, the ceramic fabric always remained quite coarse. During this time ''[[magatama]]'' curved stone beads make a transition from being a common jewelry item found in homes into serving as a [[grave good]]s.{{cite book |last=Birmingham Museum of Art |author-link=Birmingham Museum of Art |url=http://artsbma.org |title=Birmingham Museum of Art : Guide to the Collection |publisher=Birmingham Museum of Art |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-904832-77-5 |location=Birmingham, Alabama |page=40}}{{cite book|last=Imamura|first=Keiji|title=Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia|year=1996|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|pages=8-10, 14, 24-25, 37-49, 60-76, 88-90, 117|isbn=978-0824818524|url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoricjapan0000imam/page/n5/mode/2up|access-date=September 27, 2025}}{{cite book |last=Mizoguchi |first=Koji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXa_ngEACAAJ |title=An Archaeological History of Japan, 30,000 B.C. to A.D. 700 |pages=50, 66, 100|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8122-3651-4}}{{cite web |publisher=Nagano Prefectural Museum of History|date=July 1, 1996 |title=縄文人の一生 |trans-title=The Life of the Jomon People|language=ja |url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/7905|access-date=September 2, 2016 |website=Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan}}{{cite journal|last=Nishimura|first=Y. |year=2018|title=The Evolution of Curved Beads (''Magatama 勾玉/曲玉'') in Jōmon Period Japan and the Development of Individual Ownership|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=57|issue=1|pages=105–158|doi=10.1353/asi.2018.0004}} This is a period where there are large burial mounds and monuments.
Highly ornate pottery ''[[dogū]]'' figurines and vessels, such as the so-called "flame style" vessels, and lacquered wood objects remain from that time. Although the ornamentation of pottery increased over time, the ceramic fabric always remained quite coarse. During this time ''[[magatama]]'' curved stone beads make a transition from being a common jewelry item found in homes into serving as a [[grave good]]s.{{cite book |last=Birmingham Museum of Art |author-link=Birmingham Museum of Art |url=http://artsbma.org |title=Birmingham Museum of Art : Guide to the Collection |publisher=Birmingham Museum of Art |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-904832-77-5 |location=Birmingham, Alabama |page=40}}{{cite book|last=Imamura|first=Keiji|title=Prehistoric Japan: New Perspectives on Insular East Asia|year=1996|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|pages=8-10, 14, 24-25, 37-49, 60-76, 88-90, 117|isbn=978-0824818524|url=https://archive.org/details/prehistoricjapan0000imam/page/n5/mode/2up|access-date=September 27, 2025}}{{cite book |last=Mizoguchi |first=Koji |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rXa_ngEACAAJ |title=An Archaeological History of Japan, 30,000 B.C. to A.D. 700 |pages=50, 66, 100|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|location=Philadelphia|year=2002 |isbn=978-0-8122-3651-4}}{{cite web |publisher=Nagano Prefectural Museum of History|date=July 1, 1996 |title=縄文人の一生 |trans-title=The Life of the Jomon People|language=ja |url=http://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/7905|access-date=September 2, 2016 |website=Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan}}{{cite journal|last=Nishimura|first=Y. |year=2018|title=The Evolution of Curved Beads (''Magatama 勾玉/曲玉'') in Jōmon Period Japan and the Development of Individual Ownership|journal=Asian Perspectives|volume=57|issue=1|pages=105–158|doi=10.1353/asi.2018.0004 |hdl=10125/72076 }} This is a period where there are large burial mounds and monuments.


This period saw a rise in complexity in the design of [[pit-house]]s, the most commonly used method of housing at the time,{{cite web|url=https://sannaimaruyama.pref.aomori.jp/english/about/restored-pit/|title=Reconstructed pit-dwellings|publisher=Special Historic Site Sannai Maruyama|access-date=September 27, 2025}}{{cite web|url=https://jomon-japan.jp/en/learn/jomon-sites/ofune|title=Ofune Site|publisher=Jōmon-Japan|access-date=September 27, 2025}} with some even having paved stone floors.{{Cite journal|last1=Moriya|first1=Toyohito|year=2015|title=A Study of the Utilization of Wood to Build Pit Dwellings from the Epi-Jomon Culture|url=http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/58209/1/10_06_moriya.pdf|journal=Journal of the Graduate School of Letters|volume=10|pages=71–85|doi=10.14943/jgsl.10.71|archive-date=October 29, 2023|access-date=September 27, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029205314/https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/58209/1/10_06_moriya.pdf|url-status=dead}} A study in 2015 found that this form of dwelling continued up until the [[Satsumon culture]]. Using archaeological data on pollen count, this phase is the warmest of all the phases.{{cite journal|last1=Kusaka|first1=Soichiro|last2=Hyodo|first2= Fujio|last3=Yumoto|first3=Takakazu|last4=Nakatsukasa|first4= Masato|year=2010|title= Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis on the diet of Jomon populations from two coastal regions of Japan|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=37|issue=8|pages= 1968–1977| doi=10.1016/j.jas.2010.03.002 |bibcode=2010JArSc..37.1968K }} By the end of this phase the warm climate starts to enter a cooling trend.
This period saw a rise in complexity in the design of [[pit-house]]s, the most commonly used method of housing at the time,{{cite web|url=https://sannaimaruyama.pref.aomori.jp/english/about/restored-pit/|title=Reconstructed pit-dwellings|publisher=Special Historic Site Sannai Maruyama|access-date=September 27, 2025}}{{cite web|url=https://jomon-japan.jp/en/learn/jomon-sites/ofune|title=Ofune Site|publisher=Jōmon-Japan|access-date=September 27, 2025}} with some even having paved stone floors.{{Cite journal|last1=Moriya|first1=Toyohito|year=2015|title=A Study of the Utilization of Wood to Build Pit Dwellings from the Epi-Jomon Culture|url=http://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/58209/1/10_06_moriya.pdf|journal=Journal of the Graduate School of Letters|volume=10|pages=71–85|doi=10.14943/jgsl.10.71|archive-date=October 29, 2023|access-date=September 27, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029205314/https://eprints.lib.hokudai.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2115/58209/1/10_06_moriya.pdf|url-status=dead}} A study in 2015 found that this form of dwelling continued up until the [[Satsumon culture]]. Using archaeological data on pollen count, this phase is the warmest of all the phases.{{cite journal|last1=Kusaka|first1=Soichiro|last2=Hyodo|first2= Fujio|last3=Yumoto|first3=Takakazu|last4=Nakatsukasa|first4= Masato|year=2010|title= Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis on the diet of Jomon populations from two coastal regions of Japan|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=37|issue=8|pages= 1968–1977| doi=10.1016/j.jas.2010.03.002 |bibcode=2010JArSc..37.1968K |hdl=2433/123312 }} By the end of this phase the warm climate starts to enter a cooling trend.


== Late and Final Jōmon (2470–500 BCE) ==
== Late and Final Jōmon (2470–500 BCE) ==
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