Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester

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'''Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester''', often abbreviated '''Fura-2AM''', is a membrane-permeant derivative of the ratiometric [[calcium]] indicator [[Fura-2]] used in biochemistry to measure cellular calcium concentrations by [[fluorescence]].{{cite journal|pmid=3369679|year=1988|last1=Oakes|first1=S. G|title=Incomplete hydrolysis of the calcium indicator precursor fura-2 pentaacetoxymethyl ester (fura-2 AM) by cells|journal=Analytical Biochemistry|volume=169|issue=1|pages=159–66|last2=Martin Wj|first2=2nd|last3=Lisek|first3=C. A|last4=Powis|first4=G|doi=10.1016/0003-2697(88)90267-9}} When added to cells, Fura-2AM crosses cell membranes and once inside the cell, the acetoxymethyl groups are removed by cellular esterases. Removal of the acetoxymethyl esters regenerates "Fura-2", the pentacarboxylate calcium indicator. Measurement of Ca²⁺-induced fluorescence at both 340 nm and 380 nm allows for calculation of calcium concentrations based 340/380 ratios. The use of the ratio automatically cancels out certain variables such as local differences in fura-2 concentration or cell thickness that would otherwise lead to artifacts when attempting to image calcium concentrations in cells.

'''Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester''', often abbreviated '''Fura-2AM''', is a man-made membrane-permeant derivative of the ratiometric [[calcium]] indicator [[Fura-2]] used in the biochemistry laboratory to measure cellular calcium concentrations by [[fluorescence]].{{cite journal|pmid=3369679|year=1988|last1=Oakes|first1=S. G|title=Incomplete hydrolysis of the calcium indicator precursor fura-2 pentaacetoxymethyl ester (fura-2 AM) by cells|journal=Analytical Biochemistry|volume=169|issue=1|pages=159–66|last2=Martin Wj|first2=2nd|last3=Lisek|first3=C. A|last4=Powis|first4=G|doi=10.1016/0003-2697(88)90267-9}} When added to cells, Fura-2AM crosses cell membranes and once inside the cell, the acetoxymethyl groups are removed by cellular esterases. Removal of the acetoxymethyl esters regenerates "Fura-2", the pentacarboxylate calcium indicator. Measurement of Ca²⁺-induced fluorescence at both 340 nm and 380 nm allows for calculation of calcium concentrations based 340/380 ratios. The equation to complete these calculations is as follows:

R_n = 100 x (R-R₀)/(R_max-R₀{{Cite web |last=Ogura |first=Yuhei |date=3 March 2022 |title=Decrease in Ca2+ Concentration in Quail Cardiomyocytes Is Faster than That in Rat Cardiomyocytes |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/10/3/508 |website=mdpi.com}})

This equation is essential for calculating the normalized intensity ratio, which analyzes the fluorescence emissions from the Fura-2AM. R_max and R₀ are the maximum ratio and averaged ratio respectively. The use of the ratio automatically cancels out certain variables such as local differences in Fura-2AM concentration or cell thickness that would otherwise lead to artifacts when attempting to image calcium concentrations in cells. This is supported through the utilization of a kymograph, which creates a spatiotemporal map of the intensity ratios comparing the inside and outside of the cell; different regions of a cell are evaluated for calcium ion changes and the change along a specific axis is focused on, therefore, the thickness of the cellular membrane becomes a negligible factor. However, the location of the calcium becomes significant when discussing the mechanism of calcium removal. The concentration of calcium closer to the center of the cell is faster than the concentration of calcium near the membrane of the cell; this provides insight on the characteristics of calcium and its function within the cell's space.

The utilization of Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester is critical in research about the [https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9717/10/3/508 cardiovascular system], [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9192690/ nervous system], and [https://publications.ersnet.org/content/erj/41/2/392 immune system]. These body systems hold value in the exchange of the calcium ion, and its critical to utilize the proper molecule to measure that ion flow. Fura-2AM was designed to be used throughout different body systems to watch active calcium level changes{{Cite web |last=Impagnatiello |first=F |date=June 24, 1997 |title=7-Chloro-3-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine S,S-dioxide: A partial modulator of AMPA receptor desensitization devoid of neurotoxicity |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9192690/}} while the organism is alive and functioning. Since an organism being studied may be evaluated for different neuronal, cardiac, and immune conditions, it is critical for Fura-2AM to not induce toxicity when introduced to somatic cells. Scientists created the compound to have a strict and selective affinity for only calcium ions, therefore, when introduced to an active cell, it does not disrupt metabolic pathways since it cannot physically bind to anything else. Additionally, Fura-2AM is resistant to chemotaxis and the dynamic nature of the cell. In the context of the inflammatory response{{Cite web |last=Mutepe |first=N. Daphney |date=2013 |title=Effects of cigarette smoke condensate on pneumococcal biofilm formation and pneumolysin |url=https://publications.ersnet.org/content/erj/41/2/392}}, while neutrophils and other immune cells move in and out of the site of interest, the calcium ion readings remain accurate and the same as if the cells were stable and immobile. Regardless of a particular neutrophil moving or changing shape, Fura-2AM can still conclude an accurate reading regarding calcium influx. Overall, Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester is a critical laboratory compound that is necessary for use when evaluating the concentration of calcium during critical bodily functions like muscle contractions (including, but not limited to, cardiac muscle), ion-gated channels (including, but not limited to, the ones in the brain), and the inflammatory response.

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