DLEU2

==== Dleu2-17aa structure and significance ====

==== Dleu2-17aa structure and significance ====

Dleu2-17aa is a microprotein with a length of 17 amino acids located on chromosome 14 on the first exon. In humans, a similar micropeptide by the name of Dleu2-25aa comprised of 25 amino acids is located on the DLEU2 gene. They are both located towards the 5' region of the RNA transcript. Micropeptides such as this are named after their genomic location, which in this case, is on the DLEU2 gene. They also do not contain an N-terminal signaling sequence, which results in them generally being released and located in the cytoplasm after translation. Despite their very small size and random occurrence, thousands of micropeptides have been identified but only a few have had their functionality and varying expressions confirmed, Dleu2-17aa being one of them. It is a regulator for biological and immunological processes that help maintain a stable immune system by impacting the expression regulatory T cells. {{Cite journal |last=Sousa|first=Maria E.|last2=Farkas|first2=Michael H.|date=2018-12-13|title=Micropeptide|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1007764|journal=PLOS Genetics|language=en|volume=14|issue=12|pages=e1007764|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1007764|issn=1553-7404|pmc=6292567|pmid=30543625}}{{Cite journal |last=Tang|first=Sibei|last2=Zhang|first2=Junxun|last3=Lou|first3=Fangzhou|last4=Zhou|first4=Hong|last5=Cai|first5=Xiaojie|last6=Wang|first6=Zhikai|last7=Sun|first7=Libo|last8=Sun|first8=Yang|last9=Li|first9=Xiangxiao|last10=Fan|first10=Li|last11=Li|first11=Yan|last12=Jin|first12=Xinping|last13=Deng|first13=Siyu|last14=Yin|first14=Qianqian|last15=Bai|first15=Jing|date=2024-01-30|title=A lncRNA Dleu2-encoded peptide relieves autoimmunity by facilitating Smad3-mediated Treg induction|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s44319-024-00070-4|journal=EMBO Reports|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=1208–1232|doi=10.1038/s44319-024-00070-4|issn=1469-3178|pmc=10933344|pmid=38291338}}

Dleu2-17aa is a microprotein with a length of 17 amino acids located on chromosome 14 on the first exon. In humans, a similar micropeptide by the name of Dleu2-25aa comprised of 25 amino acids is located on the DLEU2 gene. They are both located towards the 5' region of the RNA transcript. Micropeptides such as this are named after their genomic location, which in this case, is on the DLEU2 gene. They also do not contain an N-terminal signaling sequence, which results in them generally being released and located in the cytoplasm after translation. Despite their very small size and random occurrence, thousands of micropeptides have been identified but only a few have had their functionality and varying expressions confirmed, Dleu2-17aa being one of them. It is a regulator for biological and immunological processes that help maintain a stable immune system by impacting the expression regulatory T cells. {{Cite journal |last=Sousa|first=Maria E.|last2=Farkas|first2=Michael H.|date=2018-12-13|title=Micropeptide|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1007764|journal=PLOS Genetics|language=en|volume=14|issue=12|pages=e1007764|doi=10.1371/journal.pgen.1007764|issn=1553-7404|pmc=6292567|pmid=30543625}}{{Cite journal |last=Tang|first=Sibei|last2=Zhang|first2=Junxun|last3=Lou|first3=Fangzhou|last4=Zhou|first4=Hong|last5=Cai|first5=Xiaojie|last6=Wang|first6=Zhikai|last7=Sun|first7=Libo|last8=Sun|first8=Yang|last9=Li|first9=Xiangxiao|last10=Fan|first10=Li|last11=Li|first11=Yan|last12=Jin|first12=Xinping|last13=Deng|first13=Siyu|last14=Yin|first14=Qianqian|last15=Bai|first15=Jing|date=2024-01-30|title=A lncRNA Dleu2-encoded peptide relieves autoimmunity by facilitating Smad3-mediated Treg induction|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1038/s44319-024-00070-4|journal=EMBO Reports|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=1208–1232|doi=10.1038/s44319-024-00070-4|issn=1469-3178|pmc=10933344|pmid=38291338}}

[[File:LncRNA_encoded_micropeptides.webp|thumb|280x280px|Micropeptides coded by long non-coding RNA in the immune system and an inflammatory response {{Cite journal |last=Xiao|first=Yinan|last2=Ren|first2=Yaru|last3=Hu|first3=Wenteng|last4=Paliouras|first4=Athanasios R.|last5=Zhang|first5=Wenyang|last6=Zhong|first6=Linghui|last7=Yang|first7=Kaixin|last8=Su|first8=Li|last9=Wang|first9=Peng|last10=Li|first10=Yonghong|last11=Ma|first11=Minjie|last12=Shi|first12=Lei|date=2024-10-23|title=Long non-coding RNA-encoded micropeptides: functions, mechanisms and implications|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41420-024-02175-0|journal=Cell Death Discovery|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=450|doi=10.1038/s41420-024-02175-0|issn=2058-7716|pmc=11499885|pmid=39443468}}]]

These micropeptides coded by long non-coding RNA carry out a series of processes to restore the homeostatic presence of the immune system. In the case of an unknown antigen, the microprotein's behavior varies. Focusing on Dleu2-17aa (area shown as the letter 'C' in the diagram), the DLEU2 gene codes for the micropeptide Dleu2-17aa and interacts with SMAD3 and FOXP3 to increase the generation of regulatory T cells, affecting the severity of the autoimmune disease of encephalomyelitis. This works as an anti-inflammatory agent to lower the severity of the reaction to the unknown antigen.

==== Dleu2-17aa and regulatory T cells ====

==== Dleu2-17aa and regulatory T cells ====