Cerro Panizos

== Geography and geomorphology ==

== Geography and geomorphology ==

Cerro Panizos lies in the [[Cordillera de Lipez]] mountain range of the Andean [[Altiplano]]-[[Puna de Atacama|Puna]] [[high plateau]].{{sfnm|1a1=Vaquer|1a2=Eguia|1a3=Carreras|1y=2018|1p=56|2a1=Ort|2a2=Coira|2a3=Mazzoni|2a4=Fisher|2y=1989|2p=291}}{{efn|Sometimes the name is incorrectly applied to [[Laguna Colorada (caldera)|Laguna Colorada]], which is a different volcano west of Panizos.{{sfn|Salisbury|Jicha|de Silva|Singer|2011|p=15}}}} The volcano is a {{convert|40|km||adj=mid|-wide}}, gently sloping [[ignimbrite]] shield surrounding a {{convert|10|-|15|km||adj=mid|-wide}} [[lava dome]] semicircle.{{sfnm|1a1=Ort|1y=1993|1p=223|2a1=Ort|2y=1993|2p=233}} The mountain named "Cerro Panizos"{{efn|A second {{convert|5259|m}} high mountain also named "Cerro Panizos" is located south of the volcanic complex, but is not part of it.{{sfnm|1a1=Ahumada|1a2=Ibáñez Palacios|1a3=Páez|1y=2010|1loc=Figura 1|2a1=De Silva|2a2=Francis|2y=1991|2loc=Figure S4}} It constitutes a different volcanic system, together with Cerro Salle and Cerro Alcoak.{{sfn|Herrmann|Guillou|Larcher|Turel|2018|p=49}}}} is a {{circa}} {{convert|5300|m}}{{efn|Exact estimates are {{convert|5228|m||adj=mid}}, {{convert|5360|m||adj=mid}} or {{convert|5494|m||adj=mid}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Ort|1y=1993|1p=224|2a1=Coira|2a2=Caffe|2a3=Ramírez|2a4=Chayle|2y=2004|2p=110|3a1=Echevarría|3y=1963|3p=442}}}} high lava dome in the southeastern semicircle.{{sfnm|1a1=Ort|1y=1993|1p=224|2a1=Coira|2a2=Caffe|2a3=Ramírez|2a4=Chayle|2y=2004|2p=110|3a1=Echevarría|3y=1963|3p=442}} The other domes are Cerro Cuevas, Cerro Crucesnioc, Cerro Vicunahuasi west and {{convert|5540|m||adj=mid|-high}} Cerro La Ramada north of Cerro Panizos mountain.{{efn|Crucesnioc is also known as Crucesnioj or El Volcán, and Cerro La Ramada as Cerro Ramada.{{sfnm|1a1=Ort|1y=1993|1p=224|2a1=Infoleg|2y=2024|2loc=Map|3a1=Echevarría|3y=1963|3p=441}}}}{{sfnm|1a1=Ort|1y=1993|1p=224|2a1=Infoleg|2y=2024|2loc=Map|3a1=Echevarría|3y=1963|3p=441}}

Cerro Panizos lies in the [[Cordillera de Lipez]] mountain range of the Andean [[Altiplano]]-[[Puna de Atacama|Puna]] [[high plateau]].{{sfnm|1a1=Vaquer|1a2=Eguia|1a3=Carreras|1y=2018|1p=56|2a1=Ort|2a2=Coira|2a3=Mazzoni|2a4=Fisher|2y=1989|2p=291}}{{efn|Sometimes the name is incorrectly applied to [[Laguna Colorada (caldera)|Laguna Colorada]], which is a different volcano west of Panizos.{{sfn|Salisbury|Jicha|de Silva|Singer|2011|p=15}}}} The volcano is a {{convert|40|km||adj=mid|-wide}}, gently sloping [[ignimbrite shield]] surrounding a {{convert|10|-|15|km||adj=mid|-wide}} [[lava dome]] semicircle.{{sfnm|1a1=Ort|1y=1993|1p=223|2a1=Ort|2y=1993|2p=233}} The mountain named "Cerro Panizos"{{efn|A second {{convert|5259|m}} high mountain also named "Cerro Panizos" is located south of the volcanic complex, but is not part of it.{{sfnm|1a1=Ahumada|1a2=Ibáñez Palacios|1a3=Páez|1y=2010|1loc=Figura 1|2a1=De Silva|2a2=Francis|2y=1991|2loc=Figure S4}} It constitutes a different volcanic system, together with Cerro Salle and Cerro Alcoak.{{sfn|Herrmann|Guillou|Larcher|Turel|2018|p=49}}}} is a {{circa}} {{convert|5300|m}}{{efn|Exact estimates are {{convert|5228|m||adj=mid}}, {{convert|5360|m||adj=mid}} or {{convert|5494|m||adj=mid}}.{{sfnm|1a1=Ort|1y=1993|1p=224|2a1=Coira|2a2=Caffe|2a3=Ramírez|2a4=Chayle|2y=2004|2p=110|3a1=Echevarría|3y=1963|3p=442}}}} high lava dome in the southeastern semicircle.{{sfnm|1a1=Ort|1y=1993|1p=224|2a1=Coira|2a2=Caffe|2a3=Ramírez|2a4=Chayle|2y=2004|2p=110|3a1=Echevarría|3y=1963|3p=442}} The other domes are Cerro Cuevas, Cerro Crucesnioc, Cerro Vicunahuasi west and {{convert|5540|m||adj=mid|-high}} Cerro La Ramada north of Cerro Panizos mountain.{{efn|Crucesnioc is also known as Crucesnioj or El Volcán, and Cerro La Ramada as Cerro Ramada.{{sfnm|1a1=Ort|1y=1993|1p=224|2a1=Infoleg|2y=2024|2loc=Map|3a1=Echevarría|3y=1963|3p=441}}}}{{sfnm|1a1=Ort|1y=1993|1p=224|2a1=Infoleg|2y=2024|2loc=Map|3a1=Echevarría|3y=1963|3p=441}}

Two [[caldera]]s have been identified at Cerro Panizos. The larger one, which is centred south of the lava dome semicircle, may have been formed by downward sagging of the ground.{{sfn|Lipman|1997|p=205}}{{sfn|Ort|1993|pp=222,241}} Within this lies a smaller collapse caldera, outlined by the lava domes.{{sfn|Ort|1993|pp=222,241}} Cerro Anta Cuevas, Cerro Chinchijaran, Cerro Limitayoc/Limitayo and Cerro Tucunquis are lava plateaus that rise from the ignimbrite shield.{{sfnm|1a1=Ort|1y=1993|1p=224|2a1=Infoleg|2y=2024|2loc=Map}} The {{convert|5158|m||adj=mid|-high}} Limitayoc formed along a north-south trending [[Fault (geology)|fault]] and has an elongated shape,{{sfnm|1a1=Infoleg|1y=2024|1loc=Map|2a1=Coira|2a2=Caffe|2a3=Ramírez|2a4=Chayle|2y=2004|2p=52|3a1=Coira|3a2=Caffe|3a3=Ramírez|3a4=Chayle|3y=2004|3p=51}} with traces of [[hydrothermal]] alteration at its northern end.{{sfn|Coira|Caffe|Ramírez|Chayle|2004|p=52}}

Two [[caldera]]s have been identified at Cerro Panizos. The larger one, which is centred south of the lava dome semicircle, may have been formed by downward sagging of the ground.{{sfn|Lipman|1997|p=205}}{{sfn|Ort|1993|pp=222,241}} Within this lies a smaller collapse caldera, outlined by the lava domes.{{sfn|Ort|1993|pp=222,241}} Cerro Anta Cuevas, Cerro Chinchijaran, Cerro Limitayoc/Limitayo and Cerro Tucunquis are lava plateaus that rise from the ignimbrite shield.{{sfnm|1a1=Ort|1y=1993|1p=224|2a1=Infoleg|2y=2024|2loc=Map}} The {{convert|5158|m||adj=mid|-high}} Limitayoc formed along a north-south trending [[Fault (geology)|fault]] and has an elongated shape,{{sfnm|1a1=Infoleg|1y=2024|1loc=Map|2a1=Coira|2a2=Caffe|2a3=Ramírez|2a4=Chayle|2y=2004|2p=52|3a1=Coira|3a2=Caffe|3a3=Ramírez|3a4=Chayle|3y=2004|3p=51}} with traces of [[hydrothermal]] alteration at its northern end.{{sfn|Coira|Caffe|Ramírez|Chayle|2004|p=52}}

Owing to the [[arid]] climate, little erosion has taken place.{{sfn|Ort|1993|p=224}} Parts of the ignimbrite are covered with windblown sand. Landforms have conical, dome-like or table-like shapes.{{sfn|Mazzoni|1989|p=174}} Erosion of the ignimbrite has formed cliffs and rows of pinnacles, the latter of which draw photographers owing to their exotic appearance.{{sfn|Mazzoni|1989|p=172}} The ignimbrite shield of Panizos has been compared to [[Patera (planetary nomenclature)|patera]]e on [[Mars]].{{sfn|Byrnes|de Silva|2003}}

Owing to the [[arid]] climate, little erosion has taken place.{{sfn|Ort|1993|p=224}} Parts of the [[ignimbrite]] are covered with windblown sand. Landforms have conical, dome-like or table-like shapes.{{sfn|Mazzoni|1989|p=174}} Erosion of the ignimbrite has formed cliffs and rows of pinnacles, the latter of which draw photographers owing to their exotic appearance.{{sfn|Mazzoni|1989|p=172}} The ignimbrite shield of Panizos has been compared to [[Patera (planetary nomenclature)|patera]]e on [[Mars]].{{sfn|Byrnes|de Silva|2003}}

=== Hydrology and human geography and history ===

=== Hydrology and human geography and history ===