Assadism

* {{Cite book |last=Meininghaus |first=Esther |title=Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-78453-115-7 |pages=1–33 |chapter=Introduction}}

* {{Cite book |last=Meininghaus |first=Esther |title=Creating Consent in Ba'thist Syria: Women and Welfare in a Totalitarian State |publisher=I.B. Tauris |year=2016 |isbn=978-1-78453-115-7 |pages=1–33 |chapter=Introduction}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Sadiki |first1=Larbi |title=Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring: Rethinking Democratization |last2=Fares |first2=Obaida |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-415-52391-2 |page=147 |chapter=12: The Arab Spring Comes to Syria: Internal Mobilization for Democratic Change, Militarization and Internationalization}}

* {{Cite book |last1=Sadiki |first1=Larbi |title=Routledge Handbook of the Arab Spring: Rethinking Democratization |last2=Fares |first2=Obaida |publisher=Routledge |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-415-52391-2 |page=147 |chapter=12: The Arab Spring Comes to Syria: Internal Mobilization for Democratic Change, Militarization and Internationalization}}

* {{Cite book |title=Migration and integration: Tackling policy challenges, opportunities and solutions |publisher=[[Frontiers Media SA]] |year=2024 |isbn=9782832547168 |editor-last1=Kosyakova| editor-first1=Yuliya |editor-last2=Kanas |editor-first2=Agnieszka |page=120}}{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Worst of the Worst 2011 |url=https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/WorstOfTheWorst2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202081024/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/WorstOfTheWorst2011.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2025 |access-date=2 February 2025 |publisher=[[Freedom House]]}} Assadism was characterized by [[Arab nationalism]], [[Arab socialism|socialism]], totalitarianism, extreme [[militarism]], and a [[Hafez al-Assad's cult of personality|cult of personality]] around the Assad family. This period spanned the successive regimes of [[Hafez al-Assad]] and his son [[Bashar al-Assad]]. The Assads rose to power as a result of the [[Corrective Movement (Syria)|1970 Syrian coup d'état]], leading to the consolidation of [[Alawites|Alawite]] minority dominance within the [[Syrian Arab Armed Forces|military]] and [[General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|security forces]]. Their governance was largely characterized by [[nepotism]], [[sectarianism]], and ethnic favoritism.{{Citation |last1=Korany |first1=Bahgat |title=The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization |date=2010-07-15 |work= |pages=423–424 |url= |access-date= |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-416-360-9 |last2=Dessouki |first2=Ali}} The ideology enshrines the Assad family's leadership role in Syrian politics and presented the Assad regime in a very [[Personalist dictator|personalist]] fashion, creating a government based upon and revolving around its leader. Under this system, the [[Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Syria Region|Syrian Ba'ath Party]] portrayed the wisdom of Assad as "beyond the comprehension of the average citizen."{{Cite book |last=Kheir |first=Karen Abul |title=The Foreign Policies of Arab states: The Challenge of Globalization |date=2010 |publisher=The American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-416-360-9 |editor-last=Korany |editor-first=Bahgat |series=An AUC Forum for International Affairs edition |location= |page=423 |editor-last2=Hilāl |editor-first2=ʻAlī al-Dīn}} Syrian state propaganda cast Assadism as a neo-Ba'athist current that evolved [[Ba'athism|Ba'athist]] ideology with the needs of the modern era.{{Cite book |last=Dam |first=Nikolaos van |title=10: Conclusions: The struggle for power in Syria: politics and society under Asad and the Ba'th Party |date=2011 |publisher=I. B. Tauris |isbn=978-1-84885-760-5 |edition=4 |location=London}}

* {{Cite book |title=Migration and integration: Tackling policy challenges, opportunities and solutions |publisher=[[Frontiers Media SA]] |year=2024 |isbn=9782832547168 |editor-last1=Kosyakova| editor-first1=Yuliya |editor-last2=Kanas |editor-first2=Agnieszka |page=120}}{{cite web |year=2011 |title=Worst of the Worst 2011 |url=https://www.freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/WorstOfTheWorst2011.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250202081024/https://freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/WorstOfTheWorst2011.pdf |archive-date=2 February 2025 |access-date=2 February 2025 |publisher=[[Freedom House]]}} Assadism was characterized by [[Arab nationalism]], [[Arab socialism|socialism]], totalitarianism, extreme [[militarism]], and a [[Hafez al-Assad's cult of personality|cult of personality]] around the Assad family. This period spanned the successive regimes of [[Hafez al-Assad]] and his son [[Bashar al-Assad]]. The Assads rose to power as a result of the [[Corrective Movement (Syria)|1970 Syrian coup d'état]], leading to the consolidation of [[Alawites|Alawite]] minority dominance within the [[Syrian Arab Armed Forces|military]] and [[General Intelligence Directorate (Syria)|security forces]]. Their governance was largely characterized by [[nepotism]], [[sectarianism]], and ethnic favoritism.{{Citation |last1=Korany |first1=Bahgat |title=The Foreign Policies of Arab States: The Challenge of Globalization |date=2010-07-15 |work= |pages=423–424 |url= |access-date= |publisher=American University in Cairo Press |isbn=978-977-416-360-9 |last2=Dessouki |first2=Ali}}

The Assad family cultivated extensive patronage networks, securing loyalty while monopolizing vast portions of the [[Syrian economy]] and fostering widespread corruption.{{Cite journal |last=M. Sadowski |first=Yahya |date=1987 |title=Patronage and the Ba'th: Corruption and Control in Contemporary Syria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857946 |journal=Arab Studies Quarterly |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=442–461 |jstor=41857946}} The Syrian Ba'ath party used its control over Syria's political, social, economic, cultural, educational and religious spheres to enforce its neo-Ba'athist ideology in the wider society and preserve the Assad family's grip on power. Hafez al-Assad's goal upon coming to power was to consolidate the [[socialist state]] with the Ba'ath party as its [[vanguard]] by establishing a "coup-proof" system that eliminated factional rivalries. As soon as he seized power, the armed forces, [[secret police]], security forces, and bureaucracy were purged, subjugating them to party command by installing Alawite elites loyal to Assad.{{Cite book |editor-last1=Marczak |editor-first1=Nikki |editor-last2=Shields |editor-first2=Kirril |title=Genocide Perspectives VI: The Process and the Personal Cost of Genocide |last1=Bellamy |first1=Alex J. |last2=McLoughlin |first2=Stephen |publisher=UTS ePRESS |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-9775200-3-9 |location=University of Technology, Sydney, Australia |pages=15–17 |chapter=1. Fateful Choices: Political Leadership and the Paths to and from Mass Atrocities}}{{Cite book |last=Batatu |first=Hanna |title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-691-00254-1 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK |pages=254, 326–327}} To maintain control, although Assadism initially attempted to solve problems within the country through political maneuvering in 1970s, by the early 1980s the regime had shifted toward the use of brute force and relentless oppression, exemplified by the [[1982 Hama massacre|Hama massacre]] in 1982 and the [[List of massacres during the Syrian civil war|several sectarian massacres]] over the course of the [[Syrian civil war]] since 2011.{{Cite news |last=MacFarquhar |first=Neil |date=2024-12-08 |title=The Assad Family's Legacy Is One of Savage Oppression |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/08/world/middleeast/assad-family-legacy-syria.html |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} Following the [[fall of the Assad regime]] in 2024 as a result of a [[2024 Syrian opposition offensives|Syrian opposition offensive]] amid the civil war, Assadists loyal to the former regime have engaged in [[Western Syria clashes (December 2024–present)|an insurgency]] across Alawite strongholds in western Syria.{{cite web |date=26 December 2024 |title=Syria's new rulers launch crackdown in Assad stronghold after deadly clashes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241226-syria-authorities-launch-operation-in-assad-stronghold}}

The Assad family cultivated extensive patronage networks, securing loyalty while monopolizing vast portions of the [[Syrian economy]] and fostering widespread corruption.{{Cite journal |last=M. Sadowski |first=Yahya |date=1987 |title=Patronage and the Ba'th: Corruption and Control in Contemporary Syria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41857946 |journal=Arab Studies Quarterly |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=442–461 |jstor=41857946}} The Syrian Ba'ath party used its control over Syria's political, social, economic, cultural, educational and religious spheres to enforce its neo-Ba'athist ideology in the wider society and preserve the Assad family's grip on power. Hafez al-Assad's goal upon coming to power was to consolidate the [[socialist state]] with the Ba'ath party as its [[vanguard]] by establishing a "coup-proof" system that eliminated factional rivalries. As soon as he seized power, the armed forces, [[secret police]], security forces, and bureaucracy were purged, subjugating them to party command by installing Alawite elites loyal to Assad.{{Cite book |editor-last1=Marczak |editor-first1=Nikki |editor-last2=Shields |editor-first2=Kirril |title=Genocide Perspectives VI: The Process and the Personal Cost of Genocide |last1=Bellamy |first1=Alex J. |last2=McLoughlin |first2=Stephen |publisher=UTS ePRESS |year=2020 |isbn=978-0-9775200-3-9 |location=University of Technology, Sydney, Australia |pages=15–17 |chapter=1. Fateful Choices: Political Leadership and the Paths to and from Mass Atrocities}}{{Cite book |last=Batatu |first=Hanna |title=Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-691-00254-1 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK |pages=254, 326–327}}

To maintain control, the regime had shifted toward the use of brute force and relentless oppression by the early 1980s, though Assadism initially attempted to solve problems within the country through political maneuvering in 1970s, exemplified by the [[1982 Hama massacre|Hama massacre]] in 1982 and the [[List of massacres during the Syrian civil war|several sectarian massacres]] over the course of the [[Syrian civil war]] since 2011.{{Cite news |last=MacFarquhar |first=Neil |date=2024-12-08 |title=The Assad Family's Legacy Is One of Savage Oppression |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/12/08/world/middleeast/assad-family-legacy-syria.html |access-date=2025-03-09 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} Following the [[fall of the Assad regime]] in 2024 as a result of a [[2024 Syrian opposition offensives|Syrian opposition offensive]] amid the civil war, Assadists loyal to the former regime have engaged in [[Western Syria clashes (December 2024–present)|an insurgency]] across Alawite strongholds in western Syria.{{cite web |date=26 December 2024 |title=Syria's new rulers launch crackdown in Assad stronghold after deadly clashes |url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20241226-syria-authorities-launch-operation-in-assad-stronghold}}

== History ==

== History ==