User:Neonrareplasma/sandbox
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The '''Carnitine Shuttle''' is a [[biochemical]] reaction used to transport [[fatty acids]] (F.A.'s) from the [[cytosol]] into the matrix of the [[mitochondria]] so that they may be [[metabolism|metabolized]].https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/carnitine-shuttle While fatty acids cannot pass through the mitochondrial membrane, [[carnitine]] can. The shuttle utilizes this to it's advantage by attaching the fatty acids to carnitine. This new acyl-carnitine can pass through the membrane, after which it is split, with the newly separated carnitine being sent back out to shuttle more fatty acids, and the newly separated fatty acid undergoing [[beta oxidation]] to release their energy.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8411952/ The carnitine shuttle is an example of an [[antiporter]] system,https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8066319/ and is a part of the broader class of metabolic reactions that constitute [[lipid metabolism]]https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8411952/. Diseases affecting the carnitine shuttle include [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency]], [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency]], and [[carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency]], among others.https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/carnitine-shuttle |
The '''Carnitine Shuttle''' is a [[biochemical]] reaction used to transport [[fatty acids]] (F.A.'s) from the [[cytosol]] into the matrix of the [[mitochondria]] so that they may be [[metabolism|metabolized]].https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/carnitine-shuttle While fatty acids cannot pass through the mitochondrial membrane, [[carnitine]] can. The shuttle utilizes this to it's advantage by attaching the fatty acids to carnitine. This new acyl-carnitine can pass through the membrane, after which it is split, with the newly separated carnitine being sent back out to shuttle more fatty acids, and the newly separated fatty acid undergoing [[beta oxidation]] to release their energy.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8411952/ The carnitine shuttle is an example of an [[antiporter]] system,https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8066319/ and is a part of the broader class of metabolic reactions that constitute [[lipid metabolism]]https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8411952/. Diseases affecting the carnitine shuttle include [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase I deficiency]], [[carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency]], and [[carnitine-acylcarnitine translocase deficiency]], among others.https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/carnitine-shuttle |
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==Mechanism== |
==Mechanism== |
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1) CPT I, in the cytosol, transfers the F.A.'s from [[Coenzyme A]] (CoA) to the [[ |
1) CPT I, in the cytosol, transfers the F.A.'s from [[Coenzyme A]] (CoA) to the [[hydroxyl group]] group of the carnitine (from translocase in step 2) to make acyl-carnitine.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4967041/ |
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2) Translocase, in the intermembrane space, transfers acyl-carnitine to the matrix while carnitine from CPT 2 in the |
2) Translocase, in the intermembrane space, transfers acyl-carnitine to the matrix while carnitine from CPT 2 in the matrix is transferred out to CPT I in order to shuttle more F.A.'s in step 1.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4967041/ |
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matrix is transferred out to CPT I in order to shuttle more F.A.'s in step 1.https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4967041/ |
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3) CPT II, in the matrix, transfers the F.A.'s from carnitine to CoA to make Fattt-acyl CoA while transporting out the carnitine to translocase and eventually CPT I to restart the cycle and shuttle more F.A.'shttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4967041/ |
3) CPT II, in the matrix, transfers the F.A.'s from carnitine to CoA to make Fattt-acyl CoA while transporting out the carnitine to translocase and eventually CPT I to restart the cycle and shuttle more F.A.'shttps://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4967041/ |
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