Timothy Snyder

Timothy Snyder

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Snyder has been an instructor at the [[College of Europe#Natolin campus|College of Europe Natolin Campus]], the Baron Velge Chair at the [[Université libre de Bruxelles]], the Cleveringa Chair at the [[Leiden University]], Philippe Romain Chair at the [[London School of Economics]], and the 2013 [[René Girard|René Girard Lecturer]] at [[Stanford University]].{{cite web |url=http://history.yale.edu/people/timothy-snyder |title=Professor Timothy Snyder |author= |website=[[Yale University]] |access-date=July 30, 2017 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202543/https://history.yale.edu/people/timothy-snyder |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/march/snyder-girard-lecture-030613.html |title=Timothy Snyder, author of Bloodlands, to speak at Stanford on March 13 |author= |website=[[Stanford University]] |date=March 6, 2013 |access-date=July 30, 2017 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202543/https://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/march/snyder-girard-lecture-030613.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/people/Philippe-Roman-Chair/TimothySnyder.aspx |title=Timothy Snyder |author= |website=[[London School of Economics]] |access-date=July 30, 2017 |archive-date=July 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730015142/http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/people/Philippe-Roman-Chair/TimothySnyder.aspx |url-status=live }} During the 2013–14 academic year, he held the Philippe Roman Chair of International History at the [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]].{{cite web |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/people/bios/TimothySnyder.aspx |title=Timothy Snyder – Individual Bios – People – IDEAS – Home |publisher=Lse.ac.uk |access-date=March 5, 2014 |archive-date=March 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305012708/http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/people/bios/TimothySnyder.aspx |url-status=live }} Before assuming the Richard C. Levin Professorship of History at Yale in 2017, Snyder was the Bird White Housum Professor of History at Yale University.
Snyder has been an instructor at the [[College of Europe#Natolin campus|College of Europe Natolin Campus]], the Baron Velge Chair at the [[Université libre de Bruxelles]], the Cleveringa Chair at the [[Leiden University]], Philippe Romain Chair at the [[London School of Economics]], and the 2013 [[René Girard|René Girard Lecturer]] at [[Stanford University]].{{cite web |url=http://history.yale.edu/people/timothy-snyder |title=Professor Timothy Snyder |author= |website=[[Yale University]] |access-date=July 30, 2017 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202543/https://history.yale.edu/people/timothy-snyder |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/march/snyder-girard-lecture-030613.html |title=Timothy Snyder, author of Bloodlands, to speak at Stanford on March 13 |author= |website=[[Stanford University]] |date=March 6, 2013 |access-date=July 30, 2017 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202543/https://news.stanford.edu/news/2013/march/snyder-girard-lecture-030613.html |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/people/Philippe-Roman-Chair/TimothySnyder.aspx |title=Timothy Snyder |author= |website=[[London School of Economics]] |access-date=July 30, 2017 |archive-date=July 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730015142/http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/people/Philippe-Roman-Chair/TimothySnyder.aspx |url-status=live }} During the 2013–14 academic year, he held the Philippe Roman Chair of International History at the [[London School of Economics|London School of Economics and Political Science]].{{cite web |url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/people/bios/TimothySnyder.aspx |title=Timothy Snyder – Individual Bios – People – IDEAS – Home |publisher=Lse.ac.uk |access-date=March 5, 2014 |archive-date=March 5, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305012708/http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/people/bios/TimothySnyder.aspx |url-status=live }} Before assuming the Richard C. Levin Professorship of History at Yale in 2017, Snyder was the Bird White Housum Professor of History at Yale University.


Following the [[Revolution of Dignity|Maidan Revolution]] and [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea|Russian annexation of Crimea]], he co-organised the ''Ukraine: Thinking Together'' conference in Kyiv in May 2014 with [[Leon Wieseltier]] of ''[[The New Republic]]'' (then majority-owned by [[Facebook]]'s co-founder [[Chris Hughes]]).{{cite magazine |title=Livestream: The Ukraine Thinking Together Conference |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |date=May 16, 2014 |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/117784/livestream-ukraine-thinking-together-conference |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616184711/https://newrepublic.com/article/117784/livestream-ukraine-thinking-together-conference |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Ukraine: Thinking Together |work=Ukrainian-Jewish Encounter |access-date=August 13, 2025 |url=https://ukrainianjewishencounter.org/en/events/ukraine-thinking-together/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250813064111/https://ukrainianjewishencounter.org/en/events/ukraine-thinking-together/ |archive-date=August 13, 2025 |url-status=live}} He has participated in the [[Yalta European Strategy]] meetings in [[Kyiv]] since September 2014 (during his September 2022 visit to the conference, he held a two-hour private meeting with the Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]). In November 2014, he attended the Ukrainian oligarch [[Victor Pinchuk]]'s decoration with the Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky Medal by the [[Jewish Confederation of Ukraine]] in Kyiv.{{cite news |title=Victor Pinchuk was presented with the Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky Award |publisher=Ukrainian Jewish Encounter |date=November 20, 2014 |url=https://ukrainianjewishencounter.org/en/victor-pinchuk-was-presented-with-the-metropolitan-andrey-sheptytsky-award/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305193630/https://ukrainianjewishencounter.org/en/victor-pinchuk-was-presented-with-the-metropolitan-andrey-sheptytsky-award/ |archive-date=March 5, 2022 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last=Illin |first=Sergey |title=Sheptytsky Award Ceremony Honoring Ukrainian Philanthropist Victor Pinchuk |work=Pinchuk Fund |date=2014 |url=https://pinchukfund.org/en/projects/7/events/3181/photo/344/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813062333/https://pinchukfund.org/en/projects/7/events/3181/photo/344/ |archive-date=August 13, 2025 |url-status=live}} In January 2019, he addressed the initial Ukraine House Davos event (sponsored by Pinchuk and the Ukrainian-Canadian billionaire [[James C. Temerty]]) at the annual [[World Economic Forum]] meeting in [[Davos]].{{cite news |last=Hardy-Françon |first=Gabriel |title=Ukraine House Davos: Timothy Snyder encourages Ukraine to look to the future |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=January 24, 2019 |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/ukraine-house-davos-timothy-snyder-encourages-ukraine-to-look-to-the-future.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20250813055812/https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/ukraine-house-davos-timothy-snyder-encourages-ukraine-to-look-to-the-future.html |archive-date=August 13, 2025 |url-status=live}}
Following the [[Revolution of Dignity|Maidan Revolution]] and [[2014 Russian annexation of Crimea|Russian annexation of Crimea]], he co-organised the ''Ukraine: Thinking Together'' conference in Kyiv in May 2014 with [[Leon Wieseltier]] of ''[[The New Republic]]'' (then majority-owned by [[Facebook]]'s co-founder [[Chris Hughes]]).{{cite magazine |title=Livestream: The Ukraine Thinking Together Conference |magazine=[[The New Republic]] |date=May 16, 2014 |url=https://newrepublic.com/article/117784/livestream-ukraine-thinking-together-conference |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616184711/https://newrepublic.com/article/117784/livestream-ukraine-thinking-together-conference |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |title=Ukraine: Thinking Together |work=Ukrainian-Jewish Encounter |access-date=August 13, 2025 |url=https://ukrainianjewishencounter.org/en/events/ukraine-thinking-together/ |url-status=live}} He has participated in the [[Yalta European Strategy]] meetings in [[Kyiv]] since September 2014 (during his September 2022 visit to the conference, he held a two-hour private meeting with the Ukrainian president [[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]). In November 2014, he attended the Ukrainian oligarch [[Victor Pinchuk]]'s decoration with the Metropolitan Andrey Sheptytsky Medal by the [[Jewish Confederation of Ukraine]] in Kyiv.{{cite news |title=Victor Pinchuk was presented with the Metropolitan Andrei Sheptytsky Award |publisher=Ukrainian Jewish Encounter |date=November 20, 2014 |url=https://ukrainianjewishencounter.org/en/victor-pinchuk-was-presented-with-the-metropolitan-andrey-sheptytsky-award/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305193630/https://ukrainianjewishencounter.org/en/victor-pinchuk-was-presented-with-the-metropolitan-andrey-sheptytsky-award/ |archive-date=March 5, 2022 |url-status=live}}{{cite news |last=Illin |first=Sergey |title=Sheptytsky Award Ceremony Honoring Ukrainian Philanthropist Victor Pinchuk |work=Pinchuk Fund |date=2014 |url=https://pinchukfund.org/en/projects/7/events/3181/photo/344/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813062333/https://pinchukfund.org/en/projects/7/events/3181/photo/344/ |archive-date=August 13, 2025 |url-status=live}} In January 2019, he addressed the initial Ukraine House Davos event (sponsored by Pinchuk and the Ukrainian-Canadian billionaire [[James C. Temerty]]) at the annual [[World Economic Forum]] meeting in [[Davos]].{{cite news |last=Hardy-Françon |first=Gabriel |title=Ukraine House Davos: Timothy Snyder encourages Ukraine to look to the future |work=[[Kyiv Post]] |date=January 24, 2019 |url=https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/ukraine-house-davos-timothy-snyder-encourages-ukraine-to-look-to-the-future.html |url-status=live}}


He is a member of the Committee on Conscience of the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]].{{cite web |title=Department of History – Timothy Snyder |url=https://www.iwm.at/program/documenting-ukraine |website=Yale University |access-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308182138/https://www.iwm.at/program/documenting-ukraine |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 8, 2023}} On September 25, 2020, he was named as one of 25 members of the [[Real Facebook Oversight Board]], an independent group monitoring Facebook.{{Cite web |url=https://the-citizens.com/real-facebook-oversight/about-us/ |title=The Citizens |date=September 16, 2020 |access-date=October 6, 2020 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202548/https://the-citizens.com/real-facebook-oversight/about-us/ |url-status=live }} In addition, he serves on the editorial boards of the ''Journal of Modern European History'' and ''[[East European Politics and Societies]]''.
He is a member of the Committee on Conscience of the [[United States Holocaust Memorial Museum]].{{cite web |title=Department of History – Timothy Snyder |url=https://www.iwm.at/program/documenting-ukraine |website=Yale University |access-date=April 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308182138/https://www.iwm.at/program/documenting-ukraine |url-status=dead |archive-date=March 8, 2023}} On September 25, 2020, he was named as one of 25 members of the [[Real Facebook Oversight Board]], an independent group monitoring Facebook.{{Cite web |url=https://the-citizens.com/real-facebook-oversight/about-us/ |title=The Citizens |date=September 16, 2020 |access-date=October 6, 2020 |archive-date=January 9, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202548/https://the-citizens.com/real-facebook-oversight/about-us/ |url-status=live }} In addition, he serves on the editorial boards of the ''Journal of Modern European History'' and ''[[East European Politics and Societies]]''.
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''Bloodlands'' received reviews ranging from highly critical to "rapturous".{{Cite web|url=https://www.chronicle.com/interactives/20190412snyder|title=The Bleak Prophecy of Timothy Snyder|date=April 12, 2019|website=The Chronicle of Higher Education|access-date=April 16, 2019|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202551/https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-bleak-prophecy-of-timothy-snyder/|url-status=live}}{{Cite journal|last=Sémelin|first=Jacques|date=February 14, 2013|title=Timothy Snyder and his Critics|url=https://booksandideas.net/Timothy-Snyder-and-his-Critics.html|journal=Books & Ideas|language=en|access-date=November 16, 2020|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202549/https://booksandideas.net/Timothy-Snyder-and-his-Critics.html|url-status=live}} In assessing these reviews, [[Jacques Sémelin]] described it as one of the books that "change the way we look at a period in history". Sémelin noted that some historians have criticized the chronological construction of events, the arbitrary geographical delimitation, Snyder's numbers on victims and violence, and a lack of focus on interactions between different actors.
''Bloodlands'' received reviews ranging from highly critical to "rapturous".{{Cite web|url=https://www.chronicle.com/interactives/20190412snyder|title=The Bleak Prophecy of Timothy Snyder|date=April 12, 2019|website=The Chronicle of Higher Education|access-date=April 16, 2019|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202551/https://www.chronicle.com/article/the-bleak-prophecy-of-timothy-snyder/|url-status=live}}{{Cite journal|last=Sémelin|first=Jacques|date=February 14, 2013|title=Timothy Snyder and his Critics|url=https://booksandideas.net/Timothy-Snyder-and-his-Critics.html|journal=Books & Ideas|language=en|access-date=November 16, 2020|archive-date=January 9, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202549/https://booksandideas.net/Timothy-Snyder-and-his-Critics.html|url-status=live}} In assessing these reviews, [[Jacques Sémelin]] described it as one of the books that "change the way we look at a period in history". Sémelin noted that some historians have criticized the chronological construction of events, the arbitrary geographical delimitation, Snyder's numbers on victims and violence, and a lack of focus on interactions between different actors.


[[Omer Bartov]] wrote that "the book presents no new evidence and makes no new arguments".{{Cite journal|last=Bartov|first=Omer|date=2010|title=Review of "Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin"|url=http://defendinghistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Omer-Bartovs-review-of-Bloodlands.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Slavic Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202605/http://defendinghistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Omer-Bartovs-review-of-Bloodlands.pdf|archive-date=January 9, 2021|access-date=January 4, 2021}} In a highly critical review, [[Richard J. Evans|Richard Evans]] wrote that, because of its lack of causal argument, "Snyder's book is of no use"; Evans also wrote that Snyder "hasn't really mastered the voluminous literature on Hitler's Germany", which "leads him into error in a number of places" about the politics of Nazi Germany.{{Cite journal|last=Evans|first=Richard J.|date=November 4, 2010|title=Who Remembers the Poles?|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n21/richard-j.-evans/who-remembers-the-poles|journal=London Review of Books|volume=32|issue=21|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200726215640/https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n21/richard-j.-evans/who-remembers-the-poles|archive-date=July 26, 2020}}
[[Omer Bartov]] wrote that "the book presents no new evidence and makes no new arguments".{{Cite journal|last=Bartov|first=Omer|date=2010|title=Review of "Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin"|url=http://defendinghistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Omer-Bartovs-review-of-Bloodlands.pdf|url-status=live|journal=Slavic Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210109202605/http://defendinghistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/07/Omer-Bartovs-review-of-Bloodlands.pdf|archive-date=January 9, 2021|access-date=January 4, 2021}} In a highly critical review, [[Richard J. Evans|Richard Evans]] wrote that, because of its lack of causal argument, "Snyder's book is of no use"; Evans also wrote that Snyder "hasn't really mastered the voluminous literature on Hitler's Germany", which "leads him into error in a number of places" about the politics of Nazi Germany.{{Cite journal|last=Evans|first=Richard J.|date=November 4, 2010|title=Who Remembers the Poles?|url=https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v32/n21/richard-j.-evans/who-remembers-the-poles|journal=London Review of Books|volume=32|issue=21|url-status=live}}


By contrast, [[Wendy Lower]] wrote that it was a "masterful synthesis";{{Cite journal|last=Lower|first=Wendy|date=May 9, 2011|title=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2011.561952?src=recsys&journalCode=cjgr20|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=13|issue=1–2|pages=165–167|doi=10.1080/14623528.2011.561952|s2cid=30363015|url-access=subscription}} [[John Connelly (historian)|John Connelly]] called it "morally informed scholarship of the highest calibre";{{Cite journal|last=Connely|first=John|date=September 26, 2011|title=Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2011.606703?journalCode=cjgr20|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=13|issue=3|pages=313–352|doi=10.1080/14623528.2011.606703|s2cid=72891599|url-access=subscription}} and [[Christopher Browning]] described it as "stunning". The journal ''Contemporary European History'' published a special forum on the book in 2012, featuring reviews by [[Mark Mazower]], [[Dan Diner]], [[Thomas Kühne]], and [[Jörg Baberowski]], with an introduction and response by Snyder.{{Cite web|date=May 2012|title=Forum: Timothy Snyder's Bloodlands|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/issue/72110271336B0D504501A83509B455BF|website=Contemporary European History}}
By contrast, [[Wendy Lower]] wrote that it was a "masterful synthesis";{{Cite journal|last=Lower|first=Wendy|date=May 9, 2011|title=Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2011.561952?src=recsys&journalCode=cjgr20|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=13|issue=1–2|pages=165–167|doi=10.1080/14623528.2011.561952|s2cid=30363015|url-access=subscription}} [[John Connelly (historian)|John Connelly]] called it "morally informed scholarship of the highest calibre";{{Cite journal|last=Connely|first=John|date=September 26, 2011|title=Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe between Hitler and Stalin|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/14623528.2011.606703?journalCode=cjgr20|journal=Journal of Genocide Research|volume=13|issue=3|pages=313–352|doi=10.1080/14623528.2011.606703|s2cid=72891599|url-access=subscription}} and [[Christopher Browning]] described it as "stunning". The journal ''Contemporary European History'' published a special forum on the book in 2012, featuring reviews by [[Mark Mazower]], [[Dan Diner]], [[Thomas Kühne]], and [[Jörg Baberowski]], with an introduction and response by Snyder.{{Cite web|date=May 2012|title=Forum: Timothy Snyder's Bloodlands|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/contemporary-european-history/issue/72110271336B0D504501A83509B455BF|website=Contemporary European History}}