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'''President for life''' is a [[title]] assumed by or granted to some [[President (government title)|president]]s to extend their tenure up until their death or retirement. The title sometimes confers on the holder the right to nominate or appoint a successor. The term is often used by political leaders that aspire to legitimize their absolute power.[{{cite book | last1=Baturo | first1=Alexander | last2=Elgie | first2=Robert | title=The Politics of Presidential Term Limits | date=20 June 2019 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-257435-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljmdDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22president+for+life%22&pg=PT90 }}] |
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'''President for life''' is a [[title]] assumed by or granted to some [[President (government title)|president]]s to extend their tenure up until their death or retirement. The title sometimes confers on the holder the right to nominate or appoint a successor. The term is often used by political leaders that aspire to legitimize their absolute power.[{{cite book | last1=Baturo | first1=Alexander | last2=Elgie | first2=Robert | title=The Politics of Presidential Term Limits | date=20 June 2019 | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=978-0-19-257435-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljmdDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22president+for+life%22&pg=PT90 }}] |
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Many leaders who proclaimed themselves president for life have not in fact successfully gone on to serve a life term. Most were deposed before they died, and others achieved a Carrera]] of [[Guatemala]], [[Josip Broz Tito]] of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], and [[Saparmurat Niyazov]] of [[Turkmenistan]]. Others made unsuccessful attempts to have themselves named president for life, such as [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] of [[Zaire]] in 1972.[Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, ''The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State'', p. 211] |
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Many leaders who proclaimed themselves president for life have not in fact successfully gone on to serve a life term. Most were deposed before they died, and others achieved a lifetime presidency by being assassinated while in office. However, some have managed to rule until their natural deaths, including [[José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia]] of [[Paraguay]], [[Alexandre Pétion]] and [[François Duvalier]] of [[Haiti]], [[Rafael Carrera]] of [[Guatemala]], [[Josip Broz Tito]] of [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]], and [[Saparmurat Niyazov]] of [[Turkmenistan]]. Others made unsuccessful attempts to have themselves named president for life, such as [[Mobutu Sese Seko]] of [[Zaire]] in 1972.[Crawford Young and Thomas Turner, ''The Rise and Decline of the Zairian State'', p. 211] |
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Some long-serving autocgranted life terms and, in fact, stood periodically for reelection. However, in most cases, these were [[Show election|sham election]]s which guaranteed them re-election.[{{Cite book|title=The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America|first=Timothy|page=43|last=Snyder|date=3 April 2018 |publisher=Crown |author-link=Timothy Snyder|isbn=9780525574460}}][{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/08/world/europe/08russia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131150147/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/08/world/europe/08russia.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 31, 2019|title=European Group Cancels Mission to Observe Russian Election, Citing Restrictions|first=C.J.|last=Chivers|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 31, 2019|date=February 8, 2008}}][{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/vladimir-kara-murza/kremlin-tightens-screws-it-invites-popular-revolt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724000156/http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/vladimir-kara-murza/kremlin-tightens-screws-it-invites-popular-revolt|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 24, 2017|title=As the Kremlin Tightens the Screws, It Invites Popular Revolt|work=Spotlight on Russia|publisher=World Affairs Journal|access-date=July 24, 2017|first=Vladimir Vladimirovich|author-link=Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza|last=Kara-Murza}}] |
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Some long-serving autocratic presidents are mistakenly described as presidents for life. They were never officially granted life terms and, in fact, stood periodically for reelection. However, in most cases, these were [[Show election|sham election]]s which guaranteed them re-election.[{{Cite book|title=The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America|first=Timothy|page=43|last=Snyder|date=3 April 2018 |publisher=Crown |author-link=Timothy Snyder|isbn=9780525574460}}][{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/08/world/europe/08russia.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131150147/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/02/08/world/europe/08russia.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 31, 2019|title=European Group Cancels Mission to Observe Russian Election, Citing Restrictions|first=C.J.|last=Chivers|work=The New York Times|access-date=January 31, 2019|date=February 8, 2008}}][{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/vladimir-kara-murza/kremlin-tightens-screws-it-invites-popular-revolt|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170724000156/http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/vladimir-kara-murza/kremlin-tightens-screws-it-invites-popular-revolt|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 24, 2017|title=As the Kremlin Tightens the Screws, It Invites Popular Revolt|work=Spotlight on Russia|publisher=World Affairs Journal|access-date=July 24, 2017|first=Vladimir Vladimirovich|author-link=Vladimir Vladimirovich Kara-Murza|last=Kara-Murza}}] |
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