National monument (United States)

The proclamation authority was not used again anywhere until 1996, when President [[Bill Clinton]] proclaimed the [[Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument]] in [[Utah]], after many years of unsuccessful advocacy by conservationists to protect parts of the area. This was the first national monument managed by the [[Bureau of Land Management]]. This action was unpopular in Utah,{{cite news |last1=Wieber |first1=Audrey |title=Locals bitter over Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument creation |url=http://magicvalley.com/news/state-and-regional/locals-bitter-over-grand-staircase-escalante-national-monument-creation/article_85a39fcd-f7fd-5b01-a7f7-dc7871698f3e.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 11, 2015 |via=MagicValley.com |newspaper=Twin Falls Times-News |place=Twin Falls, Idaho |date=October 12, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826000332/http://magicvalley.com/news/state-and-regional/locals-bitter-over-grand-staircase-escalante-national-monument-creation/article_85a39fcd-f7fd-5b01-a7f7-dc7871698f3e.html |archive-date=August 26, 2015}} and bills were introduced to further restrict the president's authority,{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Neil A. |title=House tweaks Clinton over creation of national monuments |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/08/us/house-tweaks-clinton-over-creation-of-national-monuments.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 11, 2015 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 8, 1997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720185600/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/08/us/house-tweaks-clinton-over-creation-of-national-monuments.html |archive-date=July 20, 2015}} none of which have been enacted. Most of the 16 national monuments created by President Clinton are managed not by the National Park Service, but by the Bureau of Land Management as part of the [[National Landscape Conservation System]].

The proclamation authority was not used again anywhere until 1996, when President [[Bill Clinton]] proclaimed the [[Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument]] in [[Utah]], after many years of unsuccessful advocacy by conservationists to protect parts of the area. This was the first national monument managed by the [[Bureau of Land Management]]. This action was unpopular in Utah,{{cite news |last1=Wieber |first1=Audrey |title=Locals bitter over Grand Staircase–Escalante National Monument creation |url=http://magicvalley.com/news/state-and-regional/locals-bitter-over-grand-staircase-escalante-national-monument-creation/article_85a39fcd-f7fd-5b01-a7f7-dc7871698f3e.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 11, 2015 |via=MagicValley.com |newspaper=Twin Falls Times-News |place=Twin Falls, Idaho |date=October 12, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150826000332/http://magicvalley.com/news/state-and-regional/locals-bitter-over-grand-staircase-escalante-national-monument-creation/article_85a39fcd-f7fd-5b01-a7f7-dc7871698f3e.html |archive-date=August 26, 2015}} and bills were introduced to further restrict the president's authority,{{cite news |last1=Lewis |first1=Neil A. |title=House tweaks Clinton over creation of national monuments |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/08/us/house-tweaks-clinton-over-creation-of-national-monuments.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=July 11, 2015 |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 8, 1997 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720185600/http://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/08/us/house-tweaks-clinton-over-creation-of-national-monuments.html |archive-date=July 20, 2015}} none of which have been enacted. Most of the 16 national monuments created by President Clinton are managed not by the National Park Service, but by the Bureau of Land Management as part of the [[National Landscape Conservation System]].

President George W. Bush created four marine national monuments in the Pacific Ocean, the largest in the system: [[Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument|Papahānaumokuākea]], [[Pacific Islands Heritage Marine National Monument|Pacific Islands Heritag]], [[Mariana Trench Marine National Monument|Mariana Trench]], and the [[Rose Atoll Marine National Monument|Rose Atoll Marine National Monuments]].{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2009 |title=President Bush Creates Three New Pacific Marine Monuments in U.S. Pacific Insular Areas |url=http://www.doi.gov/oia/press/2009/President-Bush-Creates-Three-New-Pacific-Marine-Monuments |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914054022/https://www.doi.gov/oia/press/2009/President-Bush-Creates-Three-New-Pacific-Marine-Monuments |archive-date=Sep 14, 2023 |website=U.S. Department of the Interior}} They are managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service, with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration overseeing the fisheries. President [[Barack Obama]] significantly expanded two of them and added a fifth in the Atlantic Ocean, the [[Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument]].{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Obama Designates 1st Marine National Monument In The Atlantic Ocean|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/15/494042979/obama-to-designate-first-marine-national-monument-in-the-atlantic-ocean|access-date=2021-02-13|newspaper=NPR.org|language=en}}

President George W. Bush created four marine national monuments in the Pacific Ocean, the largest in the system: [[Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument|Papahānaumokuākea]], [[Pacific Islands Heritage Marine National Monument|Pacific Islands Heritage]], [[Mariana Trench Marine National Monument|Mariana Trench]], and the [[Rose Atoll Marine National Monument|Rose Atoll Marine National Monuments]].{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2009 |title=President Bush Creates Three New Pacific Marine Monuments in U.S. Pacific Insular Areas |url=http://www.doi.gov/oia/press/2009/President-Bush-Creates-Three-New-Pacific-Marine-Monuments |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230914054022/https://www.doi.gov/oia/press/2009/President-Bush-Creates-Three-New-Pacific-Marine-Monuments |archive-date=Sep 14, 2023 |website=U.S. Department of the Interior}} They are managed by the Fish and Wildlife Service, with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration overseeing the fisheries. President [[Barack Obama]] significantly expanded two of them and added a fifth in the Atlantic Ocean, the [[Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument]].{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=|title=Obama Designates 1st Marine National Monument In The Atlantic Ocean|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2016/09/15/494042979/obama-to-designate-first-marine-national-monument-in-the-atlantic-ocean|access-date=2021-02-13|newspaper=NPR.org|language=en}} In the federal case ''[[Massachusetts Lobstermen's Association v. Ross|Massachusetts Lobstermen’s Association v. Ross]]'', the [[U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia]] ruled that "lands" within the Antiquities Act encompasses the submerged lands of the ocean floor.{{Cite web |title=Court Dismisses Challenge to Marine National Monument Designation |url=http://nsglc.olemiss.edu/blog/archive/2018/oct/25/ |access-date=2026-04-22 |website=nsglc.olemiss.edu}}[https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=1015781019117542511 ''Massachusetts Lobstermen's Association'', 349 F. Supp. 3d at 55-60.]

On June 24, 2016, Obama designated the [[Stonewall Inn]] and surrounding areas in [[Greenwich Village]], New York as the [[Stonewall National Monument]], the first national monument commemorating [[LGBT movements in the United States|the movement]] for [[LGBT rights in the United States]].{{cite press release |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/06/24/president-obama-designates-stonewall-national-monument |title=President Obama Designates Stonewall National Monument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216095925/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/06/24/president-obama-designates-stonewall-national-monument |archive-date=February 16, 2017 |quote=Official announcement from White House Press Office |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |date=June 24, 2016}} Obama's establishments included several others recognizing civil rights history, including the [[César E. Chávez National Monument|César E. Chávez]], [[Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument|Belmont–Paul Women's Equality]], [[Freedom Riders National Monument|Freedom Riders]], and [[Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument]]s.

On June 24, 2016, Obama designated the [[Stonewall Inn]] and surrounding areas in [[Greenwich Village]], New York as the [[Stonewall National Monument]], the first national monument commemorating [[LGBT movements in the United States|the movement]] for [[LGBT rights in the United States]].{{cite press release |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/06/24/president-obama-designates-stonewall-national-monument |title=President Obama Designates Stonewall National Monument |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216095925/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2016/06/24/president-obama-designates-stonewall-national-monument |archive-date=February 16, 2017 |quote=Official announcement from White House Press Office |via=[[NARA|National Archives]] |work=[[whitehouse.gov]] |date=June 24, 2016}} Obama's establishments included several others recognizing civil rights history, including the [[César E. Chávez National Monument|César E. Chávez]], [[Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument|Belmont–Paul Women's Equality]], [[Freedom Riders National Monument|Freedom Riders]], and [[Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument]]s.