Indus River

== Etymology and names ==

== Etymology and names ==

The [[English language]] word "Indus" comes from [[Late Latin]] Indus (1598), specifically a use of classical Latin ''Indus'' (inhabitant of India, Indian) from [[ancient Greek]] Ἰνδός "inhabitant of India, Indian, the River Indus" from [[Achaemenian]] [[Old Persian]] "hindu," denoting an eastern province of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] ([[Persian language]] ''hind'' India), and [[Avestan]] ''hiṇdu'', ''həṇdu'' "river," (natural) frontier; with same [[Proto Indo-Iranian language]]-root as [[Sanskrit]] sindhu (river), specifically the River Indus; hence also the region of the Indus, the province Sindh (which also developed into [[Hellenistic Greek]] Σίνθος ("the River Indus").{{cite OED|Indus|7247270110}}{{cite OED|India|3183874375}} This river's traditional name in [[Sanskrit]] and Tibetan is "sindhu". In Sanskrit, its range of meanings includes: stream, river; Indus; flood; sea or ocean; region or country in the vicinity of the Indus, Sindh, people of Sindh."{{cite encyclopedia |last= Macdonell|first= Arthur Anthony|author-link= |encyclopedia= A practical Sanskrit dictionary|title= सिन्धु sindhu |url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sanskrit_query.py?qs=sindhu&matchtype=default|access-date=November 24, 2024 |year=2020|orig-year=1929 |publisher= Oxford University Press |quote= m. f. [moving to a goal: √2. sidh] stream, river; Indus; m. flood (V.); ocean; region of the Indus, Sindh, people of Sindh }}{{cite encyclopedia |last= Apte|first= Vaman Shivaram|author-link= |encyclopedia= A practical Sanskrit dictionary|title= सिन्धुः sindhuḥ |url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sanskrit_query.py?qs=sindhu&matchtype=default|access-date=November 24, 2024|year=2023|orig-year=1959 |publisher= Prasad Prakashan|location=Poona |quote=1 The sea, ocean; 2 The Indus. 3 The country around the Indus.}}

The [[English language]] word "Indus" comes from [[Late Latin]] Indus (1598), specifically a use of classical Latin ''Indus'' (inhabitant of India, Indian) from [[ancient Greek]] Ἰνδός "inhabitant of India, Indian, the River Indus" from [[Achaemenian]] [[Old Persian]] "hindu," denoting an eastern province of the [[Achaemenid Empire]] ([[Persian language]] ''hind'' India), and [[Avestan]] ''hiṇdu'', ''həṇdu'' "river, ''Hindustan'' "Land of the Indus river"Ashraf, Kunwar Muhammad. Life and Conditions of the People of Hindustan (1200-1550 AD). University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies (United Kingdom), 1932., (natural) frontier; with same [[Proto Indo-Iranian language]]-root as [[Sanskrit]] sindhu (river), specifically the River Indus; hence also the region of the Indus, the province Sindh (which also developed into [[Hellenistic Greek]] Σίνθος ("the River Indus").{{cite OED|Indus|7247270110}}{{cite OED|India|3183874375}} This river's traditional name in [[Sanskrit]] and Tibetan is "sindhu". In Sanskrit, its range of meanings includes: stream, river; Indus; flood; sea or ocean; region or country in the vicinity of the Indus, Sindh, people of Sindh."{{cite encyclopedia |last= Macdonell|first= Arthur Anthony|author-link= |encyclopedia= A practical Sanskrit dictionary|title= सिन्धु sindhu |url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sanskrit_query.py?qs=sindhu&matchtype=default|access-date=November 24, 2024 |year=2020|orig-year=1929 |publisher= Oxford University Press |quote= m. f. [moving to a goal: √2. sidh] stream, river; Indus; m. flood (V.); ocean; region of the Indus, Sindh, people of Sindh }}{{cite encyclopedia |last= Apte|first= Vaman Shivaram|author-link= |encyclopedia= A practical Sanskrit dictionary|title= सिन्धुः sindhuḥ |url= https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/sanskrit_query.py?qs=sindhu&matchtype=default|access-date=November 24, 2024|year=2023|orig-year=1959 |publisher= Prasad Prakashan|location=Poona |quote=1 The sea, ocean; 2 The Indus. 3 The country around the Indus.}}

The modern name in [[Urdu]] is ''Sindh'' ({{Langx|ur|{{unq|سندھ}}}}) or ''Daryā-i-Sindh'' ({{Langx|ur|{{unq|دریائے سندھ}}|4=The River Sindh}}), contrasting to the [[Province of Sindh]] ({{langx|ur|{{unq|صوبہِ سندھ}}|translit=Sūba-i-sindh}}). The [[Ladakhis]] and [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] call the river ''Senge Tsangpo'' (སེང་གེ་གཙང་པོ།), [[Balti people|Baltis]] call it ''Gemtsuh'' and ''Tsuh-Fo'', [[Pashtuns]] call it ''Nilab'', ''Sher Darya'' and ''Abbasin'', while [[Sindhis]] call it ''Sindhu'', ''Mehran'', ''Purali'' and ''Samundar''.{{cite news |last1=Albinia |first1=Alice |author-link=Alice Albinia |title=The guardian first book award longlist: Empires of the Indus by Alice Albinia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/28/guardianfirstbookaward.awardsandprizes1 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=the Guardian |date=28 August 2008 |language=en }}

The modern name in [[Urdu]] is ''Sindh'' ({{Langx|ur|{{unq|سندھ}}}}) or ''Daryā-i-Sindh'' ({{Langx|ur|{{unq|دریائے سندھ}}|4=The River Sindh}}), contrasting to the [[Province of Sindh]] ({{langx|ur|{{unq|صوبہِ سندھ}}|translit=Sūba-i-sindh}}). The [[Ladakhis]] and [[Tibetan people|Tibetans]] call the river ''Senge Tsangpo'' (སེང་གེ་གཙང་པོ།), [[Balti people|Baltis]] call it ''Gemtsuh'' and ''Tsuh-Fo'', [[Pashtuns]] call it ''Nilab'', ''Sher Darya'' and ''Abbasin'', while [[Sindhis]] call it ''Sindhu'', ''Mehran'', ''Purali'' and ''Samundar''.{{cite news |last1=Albinia |first1=Alice |author-link=Alice Albinia |title=The guardian first book award longlist: Empires of the Indus by Alice Albinia |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/28/guardianfirstbookaward.awardsandprizes1 |access-date=19 May 2022 |work=the Guardian |date=28 August 2008 |language=en }}