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'''Genocidal rape''' is the action of a group which has carried out acts of [[mass rape]] and [[gang rape]]s, against its enemy during [[war]]time as part of a [[genocide|genocidal campaign]].{{sfn|Totten|Bartrop|2007|pp=159–160}} It is a form of [[wartime sexual violence]]. During the [[Armenian genocide]],[{{Cite news |last=Barsoumian |first=Nanore |date=2011-12-07 |title='Devilish Marks' and Rape in the Time of Genocide |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2011/12/07/devilish-marks/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=[[The Armenian Weekly]] |language=en-US}}] the [[Greek genocide]],[{{cite book |last1=Shirinian |first1=George |title=Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923 |date=2017 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9781785334337 |page=55 |chapter=Background to the Late Ottoman Genocides |quote=...deadly bands of çetes (organized brigands), especially those led by [[Topal Osman]], had been engaged in continuous shooting, plundering, and raping of the defenseless Greek villagers in the Pontus region. With Kemal's support, they stepped up their campaign with the objective of clearing the Greeks from the region by massacring the Greek population in cities such as Trebizond, Amasya, Pafra, Merzifon, and many others.}}]{{sfn|Morris|Ze'evi|2019|p=390}}{{sfn|Morris|Ze'evi|2019|p=499}} the [[Assyrian genocide]],{{sfn|Gaunt|Atto|Barthoma|2017|p=47}}{{sfn|Yacoub|2016|p=42}} the [[Nanjing massacre|second Sino-Japanese war]], the [[Holocaust]],[{{Cite web|url=https://ua.boell.org/en/2020/05/18/sexual-violence-holocaust-perspectives-ghettos-and-camps-ukraine|title=Sexual Violence in the Holocaust: Perspectives from Ghettos and Camps in Ukraine | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Kyiv - Ukraine|website=Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung}}] the [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|Genocide of Serbs in Croatia]],[{{Cite web |title=Povijest Doma |url=http://www.lobor-grad.hr/POVIJEST%20DOMA.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425090630/http://www.lobor-grad.hr/POVIJEST%20DOMA.html |archive-date=2017-04-25 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=www.lobor-grad.hr}}][{{Cite web |title=Ustaša {{!}} Fascist Regime, Genocide & War Crimes {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ustasa |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}] the [[Bangladesh genocide]],{{sfn|Sharlach|2000|pp=92–93}}{{sfn|Sajjad|2012|p=225}}{{sfn|Ghadbian|2002|p=111}}{{sfn|Mookherjee|2012|p=68}} the [[Yugoslav Wars]] (particularly the [[Bosnian War|Bosnian]] and [[Kosovo War|Kosovo Wars]]),[{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/683536 |jstor=683536 |title=Rape and Rape Avoidance in Ethno-National Conflicts: Sexual Violence in Liminalized States |last1=Hayden |first1=Robert M. |journal=American Anthropologist |year=2000 |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=27–41 |doi=10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.27 |url-access=subscription }}][{{Cite journal |last=Doja |first=Albert |date=2025 |title=How to think about the instrumental politics of mass rape: a critical appraisal of feminist approaches |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04659264v1/document |journal=The International Journal of Human Rights |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=74}}] the [[Rwandan genocide]],{{sfn|Sajjad|2012|p=225}}{{sfn|Sharlach|2000|p=90}} the [[Tamil genocide]],[{{Cite web |date=2013-02-26 |title=Sri Lanka: Rape of Tamil Detainees {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/02/26/sri-lanka-rape-tamil-detainees |access-date=2024-08-10 |language=en}}] the [[Circassian genocide]], the [[Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese conflicts]], the [[Rape during the Darfur genocide|War in Darfur]], the [[South Sudanese Civil War]], the [[Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State|Yazidi Genocide]], and [[Rohingya genocide]], mass rapes that had been an integral part of those conflicts brought the concept of genocidal rape to international prominence.{{sfn|Miller|2009|p=53}} Although war rape has been a recurrent feature in conflicts throughout [[human history]], it has usually been looked upon as a by-product of conflict and not an integral part of military policy.{{sfn|Fisher|1996|pp=91–133}} |
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'''Genocidal rape''' is the action of a group which has carried out acts of [[mass rape]] and [[gang rape]]s, against its enemy during [[war]]time as part of a [[genocide|genocidal campaign]].{{sfn|Totten|Bartrop|2007|pp=159–160}} It is a form of [[wartime sexual violence]]. During the [[Armenian genocide]],[{{Cite news |last=Barsoumian |first=Nanore |date=2011-12-07 |title='Devilish Marks' and Rape in the Time of Genocide |url=https://armenianweekly.com/2011/12/07/devilish-marks/ |access-date=2022-10-04 |website=[[The Armenian Weekly]] |language=en-US}}] the [[Greek genocide]],[{{cite book |last1=Shirinian |first1=George |title=Genocide in the Ottoman Empire: Armenians, Assyrians, and Greeks, 1913-1923 |date=2017 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=9781785334337 |page=55 |chapter=Background to the Late Ottoman Genocides |quote=...deadly bands of çetes (organized brigands), especially those led by [[Topal Osman]], had been engaged in continuous shooting, plundering, and raping of the defenseless Greek villagers in the Pontus region. With Kemal's support, they stepped up their campaign with the objective of clearing the Greeks from the region by massacring the Greek population in cities such as Trebizond, Amasya, Pafra, Merzifon, and many others.}}]{{sfn|Morris|Ze'evi|2019|p=390}}{{sfn|Morris|Ze'evi|2019|p=499}} the [[Assyrian genocide]],{{sfn|Gaunt|Atto|Barthoma|2017|p=47}}{{sfn|Yacoub|2016|p=42}} the [[Nanjing massacre|second Sino-Japanese war]], the [[Holocaust]],[{{Cite web|url=https://ua.boell.org/en/2020/05/18/sexual-violence-holocaust-perspectives-ghettos-and-camps-ukraine|title=Sexual Violence in the Holocaust: Perspectives from Ghettos and Camps in Ukraine | Heinrich Böll Stiftung | Kyiv - Ukraine|website=Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung}}] the [[Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia|Genocide of Serbs in Croatia]],[{{Cite web |title=Povijest Doma |url=http://www.lobor-grad.hr/POVIJEST%20DOMA.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425090630/http://www.lobor-grad.hr/POVIJEST%20DOMA.html |archive-date=2017-04-25 |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=www.lobor-grad.hr}}][{{Cite web |title=Ustaša {{!}} Fascist Regime, Genocide & War Crimes {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ustasa |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}] the [[Bangladesh genocide]],{{sfn|Sharlach|2000|pp=92–93}}{{sfn|Sajjad|2012|p=225}}{{sfn|Ghadbian|2002|p=111}}{{sfn|Mookherjee|2012|p=68}} the [[Yugoslav Wars]] (particularly the [[Bosnian War|Bosnian]] and [[Kosovo War|Kosovo Wars]]),[{{cite journal |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/683536 |jstor=683536 |title=Rape and Rape Avoidance in Ethno-National Conflicts: Sexual Violence in Liminalized States |last1=Hayden |first1=Robert M. |journal=American Anthropologist |year=2000 |volume=102 |issue=1 |pages=27–41 |doi=10.1525/aa.2000.102.1.27 |url-access=subscription }}][{{Cite journal |last=Doja |first=Albert |date=2025 |title=How to think about the instrumental politics of mass rape: a critical appraisal of feminist approaches |url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-04659264v1/document |journal=The International Journal of Human Rights |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=74}}] the [[Rwandan genocide]],{{sfn|Sajjad|2012|p=225}}{{sfn|Sharlach|2000|p=90}} the [[Tamil genocide]],[{{Cite web |date=2013-02-26 |title=Sri Lanka: Rape of Tamil Detainees {{!}} Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/02/26/sri-lanka-rape-tamil-detainees |access-date=2024-08-10 |language=en}}] the [[Circassian genocide]], the [[Sexual violence in the Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congolese conflicts]], the [[Rape during the Darfur genocide|War in Darfur]], the [[South Sudanese Civil War]], the [[Genocide of Yazidis by the Islamic State|Yazidi Genocide]], the [[Yazidi genocide by the Soran Emirate (1832-1834)|Firman of Mir Muhammad]] and [[Rohingya genocide]], mass rapes that had been an integral part of those conflicts brought the concept of genocidal rape to international prominence.{{sfn|Miller|2009|p=53}} Although war rape has been a recurrent feature in conflicts throughout [[human history]], it has usually been looked upon as a by-product of conflict and not an integral part of military policy.{{sfn|Fisher|1996|pp=91–133}} |
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