Domestication
Definitions: by humans
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[[Domestication syndrome]] is the suite of [[phenotype|phenotypic]] traits that arose during the initial domestication process and which distinguish crops from their [[wild ancestor]]s.{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=K. |date=1984 |title=Das Domestikationssyndrom |language=German |journal=Kulturpflanze |volume=32 |pages=11–34 |doi=10.1007/bf02098682 |s2cid=42389667}} It can also mean a set of differences now observed in domesticated mammals, not necessarily reflecting the initial domestication process. The changes include increased docility and tameness, coat coloration, reductions in tooth size, craniofacial morphology, ear and tail form (e.g., floppy ears), estrus cycles, levels of [[adrenocorticotropic hormone]] and [[Neurotransmitter|neurotransmitters]], prolongations in juvenile behavior, and reductions in brain size and of particular [[List of regions in the human brain|brain regions]].{{cite journal |last1=Wilkins |first1=Adam S. |last2=Wrangham |first2=Richard W. |last3=Fitch |first3=W. Tecumseh |date=July 2014 |title=The 'Domestication Syndrome' in Mammals: A Unified Explanation Based on Neural Crest Cell Behavior and Genetics |doi=10.1534/genetics.114.165423 |journal=[[Genetics (journal)|Genetics]] |volume=197 |issue=3 |pages=795–808 |pmid=25024034 |pmc=4096361 |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/12717449/4096361.pdf?sequence=1}} |
[[Domestication syndrome]] is the suite of [[phenotype|phenotypic]] traits that arose during the initial domestication process and which distinguish crops from their [[wild ancestor]]s.{{cite journal |last1=Hammer |first1=K. |date=1984 |title=Das Domestikationssyndrom |language=German |journal=Kulturpflanze |volume=32 |pages=11–34 |doi=10.1007/bf02098682 |s2cid=42389667}} It can also mean a set of differences now observed in domesticated mammals, not necessarily reflecting the initial domestication process. The changes include increased docility and tameness, coat coloration, reductions in tooth size, craniofacial morphology, ear and tail form (e.g., floppy ears), estrus cycles, levels of [[adrenocorticotropic hormone]] and [[Neurotransmitter|neurotransmitters]], prolongations in juvenile behavior, and reductions in brain size and of particular [[List of regions in the human brain|brain regions]].{{cite journal |last1=Wilkins |first1=Adam S. |last2=Wrangham |first2=Richard W. |last3=Fitch |first3=W. Tecumseh |date=July 2014 |title=The 'Domestication Syndrome' in Mammals: A Unified Explanation Based on Neural Crest Cell Behavior and Genetics |doi=10.1534/genetics.114.165423 |journal=[[Genetics (journal)|Genetics]] |volume=197 |issue=3 |pages=795–808 |pmid=25024034 |pmc=4096361 |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/12717449/4096361.pdf?sequence=1}} |
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A 2025 [[PNAS]] article proposed a new panspecies definition for domestication, namely "evolution ... in response to an anthropogenic niche". It is the process by which a nonhuman population adapts to an environment created through human activity. Furthermore, "the term 'domestic' should refer solely to those populations that are obligate [[synanthrope]]s and have adapted to an anthropogenic environment to the extent that only sink populations (in which the death rate is higher than the birth rate) exist outside of that niche."{{cite journal |last1=Lord |first1=Kathryn A. |last2=Larson |first2=Greger |last3=Allaby |first3=Robin G. |last4=Karlsson |first4=Elinor K. |title=A universally applicable definition for domestication |journal=[[PNAS]] |date=2025 |volume=122 |issue=22 |article-number=e2413207122 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2413207122 |doi-access=free |pmid=40372471 |pmc=12146738 |bibcode=2025PNAS..12213207L }} |
A 2025 [[PNAS]] article proposed a new panspecies definition for domestication by humans, namely "evolution ... in response to an anthropogenic niche". It is the process by which a nonhuman population adapts to an environment created through human activity. Furthermore, "the term 'domestic' should refer solely to those populations that are obligate [[synanthrope]]s and have adapted to an anthropogenic environment to the extent that only sink populations (in which the death rate is higher than the birth rate) exist outside of that niche."{{cite journal |last1=Lord |first1=Kathryn A. |last2=Larson |first2=Greger |last3=Allaby |first3=Robin G. |last4=Karlsson |first4=Elinor K. |title=A universally applicable definition for domestication |journal=[[PNAS]] |date=2025 |volume=122 |issue=22 |article-number=e2413207122 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2413207122 |doi-access=free |pmid=40372471 |pmc=12146738 |bibcode=2025PNAS..12213207L }} |
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{{anchor|History of domestication}} |
{{anchor|History of domestication}} |
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