Vascones

[[File:Titus Livius.png|thumb|120px|Portrait of [[Livy]], the author of the first known document about the '''Vascones'''.]]

[[File:Titus Livius.png|thumb|120px|Portrait of [[Livy]], the author of the first known document about the '''Vascones'''.]]

The description of the territory which the Vascones{{Harvnb|Canto|1997|p=3}}, includes map with cities and archeological remains ([https://www.tierravascona.info/aliciacanto/index.html see electronic edition] and also [https://www.celtiberia.net/articulo.asp?id=3095 "Ptolomeo y las ciudades vasconas. Ensayo de localización"], and map of the territory [https://www.celtiberia.net/verimg.asp?id=3542 "Ciudades vasconas_Propuestas de localización"]) (in Spanish). inhabited during [[Ancient history|ancient times]] appears in texts of classical authors, between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD, such as [[Livy]], [[Strabo]], [[Pliny the Elder]] and [[Ptolemy]]. Although these texts have been studied{{sfn|Schulten|1927}}{{sfn|Blázquez Martínez|1966}}{{sfn|Canto|1997}}(Gómez Fraile 2001).{{Full citation needed|date=July 2019}} as sources of reference, some authors have pointed out the apparent lack of uniformity and also the existence of contradictions within the texts, in particular with Strabo.(Arce,1999),(Gómez Fraile 2001:28).

The description of the territory which the Vascones{{Harvnb|Canto|1997|p=3}}, includes map with cities and archeological remains ([https://www.tierravascona.info/aliciacanto/index.html see electronic edition] and also [https://www.celtiberia.net/articulo.asp?id=3095 "Ptolomeo y las ciudades vasconas. Ensayo de localización"], and map of the territory [https://www.celtiberia.net/verimg.asp?id=3542 "Ciudades vasconas_Propuestas de localización"]) (in Spanish). inhabited during [[Ancient history|ancient times]] appears in texts by classical authors, between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD, including [[Livy]], [[Strabo]], [[Pliny the Elder]] and [[Ptolemy]]. Although these texts have been studied{{sfn|Schulten|1927}}{{sfn|Blázquez Martínez|1966}}{{sfn|Canto|1997}}(Gómez Fraile 2001).{{Full citation needed|date=July 2019}} as reference sources, some authors have pointed out the apparent lack of uniformity and also the existence of contradictions within the texts, in particular with Strabo.(Arce,1999),(Gómez Fraile 2001:28).

The oldest document{{sfn|Schulten|1927|p=226}}{{sfn|Blázquez Martínez|1966|p=179}} corresponds to [[Livy]] (59 BC – AD 17), who in a brief passage of his work about the 76 BC [[Sertorian War]] relates how after crossing the [[Ebro]] and the city of ''[[Calahorra|Calagurris Nasica]]'', they crossed the flatlands of the Vascones, or '''Vasconum agrum''' until reaching the border of their immediate neighbors, the [[Berones]].''...dimissis eis ipse profectus per Vasconum agrum ducto exercitu in confinio Beronum posuit castra,...'' ("...after taking his (Sertorius) army through the territory of the Vascones, he installed his camp on a border area of the Berones,..."). Text according to P. Jal, ''Tite-Live. Histoire Romaine XXXIII. Livre XLV et Fragments''. Paris, 1990 (1979), page 214-218 Comparing other sections of this same document, it is deduced that this border was located to the west, while the southern neighbors of the Vascones were the [[Celtiberians]], with their city, ''Contrebia Leucade''.{{sfn|Blázquez Martínez|1966|pp=180-181}}

The oldest document{{sfn|Schulten|1927|p=226}}{{sfn|Blázquez Martínez|1966|p=179}} corresponds to [[Livy]] (59 BC – AD 17), who in a brief passage of his work about the 76 BC [[Sertorian War]] relates how after crossing the [[Ebro]] and the city of ''[[Calahorra|Calagurris Nasica]]'', they crossed the flatlands of the Vascones, or '''Vasconum agrum''' until reaching the border of their immediate neighbors, the [[Berones]].''...dimissis eis ipse profectus per Vasconum agrum ducto exercitu in confinio Beronum posuit castra,...'' ("...after taking his (Sertorius) army through the territory of the Vascones, he installed his camp on a border area of the Berones,..."). Text according to P. Jal, ''Tite-Live. Histoire Romaine XXXIII. Livre XLV et Fragments''. Paris, 1990 (1979), page 214-218 Comparing other sections of this same document, it is deduced that this border was located to the west, while the southern neighbors of the Vascones were the [[Celtiberians]], with their city, ''Contrebia Leucade''.{{sfn|Blázquez Martínez|1966|pp=180-181}}

[[Pliny the Elder]], on his work ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'', mentioned a text prior to 50 BC that located the Vascones at the western end of the [[Pyrenees]], neighbors of the [[Varduli]] and extended to the mountains of ''[[Oiartzun|Oiarso]]'' and into the coasts of the [[Bay of Biscay]], in an area he called '''Vasconum saltus'''.''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'', 4,110-111: ''Proxima ora citerioris est eiusdemque Tarraconensis situus a Pyrenaeo per oceanum Vasconum saltus, Oiarso, Vardulorum oppida, Morogi, Menosca, Vesperies, Amanum portus, ubi nunc Flauiobrica colonia 8. Ciuitatium VIIII regio Cantabrorum, flumen Sauga, portus Victoriae Iuliobricensium. ac eo loco fontes Hiberi XM passuum portus Blendium, Orgonomesci e Cantabri. portus eorum Vereasueca, regio Asturum, Noega oppidum, in poeninsula Paesici, et deinde conuentus Lucensis, a flumine Nauialbione Gibarci, Egiuarri cognomine Namarini, Iadoui, Arroni, Arrotrebae, pronunturium Celticum, amnes Florius Nelo. Celtici cognomine Neri et super Tamarici 9 quorum in paeninsula tres arae Sestianae [-182→183-] Augusto dicatae, Copori, oppidum Noeta...'' The Greek geographer [[Strabo]], in the times of [[Augustus]] (63 BC – AD 14) refers to the Vascones (in [[Ancient Greek]]: ''Ούασκώνων'') placing their main city, or ''polis'', in ''[[Pamplona|Pompaelo]]''Str. III, 4, 10:''...Ύπέρκειται δε τής Ίακκητανιίας πρός άρκτον τό τών Ούασκώνων έθνος, έν ώ πόλις Πομπέλων, ώς άν Πομπηιόπολις.'' (...after, above the Lacetani, on north direction, is located the nation of the Vascones, who have for main city Pompelon, the "city of Pómpeios".). Text according to F. Lasserre, ''Strabon, Géographie II. Livres III et IV. Les Belles Lettres''. Paris 1966. and as well ''Callagurris''.

[[Pliny the Elder]], in his work ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'', mentioned a text prior to 50 BC that located the Vascones at the western end of the [[Pyrenees]], neighbors of the [[Varduli]] and extended to the mountains of ''[[Oiartzun|Oiarso]]'' and into the coasts of the [[Bay of Biscay]], in an area he called '''Vasconum saltus'''.''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Natural History]]'', 4,110-111: ''Proxima ora citerioris est eiusdemque Tarraconensis situus a Pyrenaeo per oceanum Vasconum saltus, Oiarso, Vardulorum oppida, Morogi, Menosca, Vesperies, Amanum portus, ubi nunc Flauiobrica colonia 8. Ciuitatium VIIII regio Cantabrorum, flumen Sauga, portus Victoriae Iuliobricensium. ac eo loco fontes Hiberi XM passuum portus Blendium, Orgonomesci e Cantabri. portus eorum Vereasueca, regio Asturum, Noega oppidum, in poeninsula Paesici, et deinde conuentus Lucensis, a flumine Nauialbione Gibarci, Egiuarri cognomine Namarini, Iadoui, Arroni, Arrotrebae, pronunturium Celticum, amnes Florius Nelo. Celtici cognomine Neri et super Tamarici 9 quorum in paeninsula tres arae Sestianae [-182→183-] Augusto dicatae, Copori, oppidum Noeta...'' The Greek geographer [[Strabo]], in the times of [[Augustus]] (63 BC – AD 14) refers to the Vascones (in [[Ancient Greek]]: ''Ούασκώνων'') placing their main city, or ''polis'', in ''[[Pamplona|Pompaelo]]''Str. III, 4, 10:''...Ύπέρκειται δε τής Ίακκητανιίας πρός άρκτον τό τών Ούασκώνων έθνος, έν ώ πόλις Πομπέλων, ώς άν Πομπηιόπολις.'' (...after, above the Lacetani, on north direction, is located the nation of the Vascones, who have for main city Pompelon, the "city of Pómpeios".). Text according to F. Lasserre, ''Strabon, Géographie II. Livres III et IV. Les Belles Lettres''. Paris 1966. and as well ''Callagurris''.

{{quote|Both cities, Kalágouris, one of the main cities of the '''ouáskones''',... This same region is crossed by the road that comes from Terrakon and goes to the '''ouáskones''', in the border of the Ocean, to Pompélon and Oiáson, city built above the very same Ocean.|Strabo}}

{{quote|Both cities, Kalágouris, one of the main cities of the '''ouáskones''',... This same region is crossed by the road that comes from Terrakon and goes to the '''ouáskones''', in the border of the Ocean, to Pompélon and Oiáson, city built above the very same Ocean.|Strabo}}