Uthong
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'''King U-thong'''The Royal Institute.'' [http://www.royin.go.th/th/knowledge/detail.php?ID=968 List of monarchs Ayutthaya] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004228/http://www.royin.go.th/th/knowledge/detail.php?ID=968 |date=December 3, 2013 }}''. {{in lang|th}}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_Q5lGDO0eg|work=YouTube|language=thai|date=2023-05-17|accessdate=2023-05-18|title=เมื่อ "พระยาลิไทย" ถูกยึดอำนาจและโดนบังคับบวช : ขรรค์ชัย-สุจิตต์ ทอดน่องท่องเที่ยว|trans-title=When "Lord [[Lithai|Li Thai]]" was seized and forced to ordain : Khanchai-[[Sujit Wongthes|Sujit]] Travel|author=Matichon TV}} ({{langx|th|พระเจ้าอู่ทอง}}; {{IPA|th|ʔùː.tʰɔ̄ːŋ|pron}}) or '''King''' '''Ramathibodi I''' ({{langx|th|สมเด็จพระรามาธิบดีที่ ๑}}; {{IAST|Rāmādhipatī}}; {{audio|Ramathibodi I (TH).ogg|pronunciation}}, 1314–1369) was the first |
'''King U-thong'''The Royal Institute.'' [http://www.royin.go.th/th/knowledge/detail.php?ID=968 List of monarchs Ayutthaya] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004228/http://www.royin.go.th/th/knowledge/detail.php?ID=968 |date=December 3, 2013 }}''. {{in lang|th}}{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J_Q5lGDO0eg|work=YouTube|language=thai|date=2023-05-17|accessdate=2023-05-18|title=เมื่อ "พระยาลิไทย" ถูกยึดอำนาจและโดนบังคับบวช : ขรรค์ชัย-สุจิตต์ ทอดน่องท่องเที่ยว|trans-title=When "Lord [[Lithai|Li Thai]]" was seized and forced to ordain : Khanchai-[[Sujit Wongthes|Sujit]] Travel|author=Matichon TV}} ({{langx|th|พระเจ้าอู่ทอง}}; {{IPA|th|ʔùː.tʰɔ̄ːŋ|pron}}) or '''King''' '''Ramathibodi I''' ({{langx|th|สมเด็จพระรามาธิบดีที่ ๑}}; {{IAST|Rāmādhipatī}}; {{audio|Ramathibodi I (TH).ogg|pronunciation}}, 1314–1369) was the founder and first monarch of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, reigning from 1350 to 1369. He is traditionally regarded as a pivotal figure in Thai history for unifying the rival power centers of [[Lopburi]] ([[Lavo]]) and [[Suphan Buri]] ([[Suphannaphum]]), establishing a centralized state that would dominate mainland Southeast Asia for over four centuries. |
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Ramathibodi I was the son of a mixed [[Mon people|Mon]]–Chinese monarch [[Baramaraja]], previously a prince of [[Mueang Chaliang|Si Satchanalai]] who subsequently ascended the throne of [[Xiān]]'s [[Lavo Kingdom#After 11th century: Ayodhya as seat|Ayodhya]], and Sunandhadevī, a younger princess of the court of [[Suvarnaraja]], the ninth monarch of [[Xiān]]. Originally known by the title Varashreṣṭhakumāra (วรเชษฐกุมาร), he succeeded his father as king of Xiān in 1344. In 1351, he was formally enthroned as the founding monarch of the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]].{{cite web|url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_106970|title=พงศาวดารอโยธยาศรีรามเทพนคร ฉบับ มานิต วัลลิโภดม : อโยธยา เก่าแก่กว่าสุโขทัย ต้นกำเนิดอยุธยา ต้นแบบรัตนโกสินทร์|trans-title=The Chronicles of Ayutthaya Sri Ramathep Nakhon, Manit Vallipodom Edition: Ayutthaya is older than Sukhothai, the origin of Ayutthaya, the prototype of Rattanakosin.|language=th|date=21 April 2023|access-date=25 December 2023|author=[[Sujit Wongthes]]|website=www.silpa-mag.com|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231224213234/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_106970}} His maternal lineage can be traced back to the [[Dvaravati]] period, specifically under the ruling dynasty of the polity situated in the [[Phraek Si Racha]] region.{{efn|name=phanom|As says in the [[Ayutthaya Testimonies]] that Indraraja or [[Pra Poa Noome Thele Seri]], the progenitor of Ramathibodi I, was the son of [[Anuraja]], ruler of the polity in [[Phraek Si Racha]].{{cite book|url=https://finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/NsiBYkTrppTZdZs0nPcUxO89poRuiq6N73eUZ74B.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425162408/https://finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/NsiBYkTrppTZdZs0nPcUxO89poRuiq6N73eUZ74B.pdf|title=Ayutthaya Testimonies|language=th|access-date=12 December 2024|date=1968|author=Phraya Pariyattithamthada|archive-date=25 April 2023|publisher=Rung Rueang Tham}}{{rp|43–4}}}} |
Ramathibodi I was the son of a mixed [[Mon people|Mon]]–Chinese monarch [[Baramaraja]], previously a prince of [[Mueang Chaliang|Si Satchanalai]] who subsequently ascended the throne of [[Xiān]]'s [[Lavo Kingdom#After 11th century: Ayodhya as seat|Ayodhya]], and Sunandhadevī, a younger princess of the court of [[Suvarnaraja]], the ninth monarch of [[Xiān]]. Originally known by the title Varashreṣṭhakumāra (วรเชษฐกุมาร), he succeeded his father as king of Xiān in 1344. In 1351, he was formally enthroned as the founding monarch of the [[Ayutthaya Kingdom]].{{cite web|url=https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_106970|title=พงศาวดารอโยธยาศรีรามเทพนคร ฉบับ มานิต วัลลิโภดม : อโยธยา เก่าแก่กว่าสุโขทัย ต้นกำเนิดอยุธยา ต้นแบบรัตนโกสินทร์|trans-title=The Chronicles of Ayutthaya Sri Ramathep Nakhon, Manit Vallipodom Edition: Ayutthaya is older than Sukhothai, the origin of Ayutthaya, the prototype of Rattanakosin.|language=th|date=21 April 2023|access-date=25 December 2023|author=[[Sujit Wongthes]]|website=www.silpa-mag.com|archive-date=24 December 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20231224213234/https://www.silpa-mag.com/history/article_106970}} His maternal lineage can be traced back to the [[Dvaravati]] period, specifically under the ruling dynasty of the polity situated in the [[Phraek Si Racha]] region.{{efn|name=phanom|As says in the [[Ayutthaya Testimonies]] that Indraraja or [[Pra Poa Noome Thele Seri]], the progenitor of Ramathibodi I, was the son of [[Anuraja]], ruler of the polity in [[Phraek Si Racha]].{{cite book|url=https://finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/NsiBYkTrppTZdZs0nPcUxO89poRuiq6N73eUZ74B.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425162408/https://finearts.go.th/storage/contents/file/NsiBYkTrppTZdZs0nPcUxO89poRuiq6N73eUZ74B.pdf|title=Ayutthaya Testimonies|language=th|access-date=12 December 2024|date=1968|author=Phraya Pariyattithamthada|archive-date=25 April 2023|publisher=Rung Rueang Tham}}{{rp|43–4}}}} |
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According to a better-known source, a seventeenth-century account by Dutchman [[Jeremias van Vliet]], a ''Renowned Legend'' stated that Uthong was an ethnic Chinese, having sailed down from China. After succeeding in trade, he became influential enough to rule the city of [[Phetchaburi]], (or Vajrapur in Sanskrit ) a coastal town of the Gulf of Thailand, before travelling up to [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]]. This monarch, which was previously believed to be Ramathibodi I, has now been identified with [[Uthong II]], who was born to [[Pra Poa Noome Thele Seri]], king of [[Phrip Phri]], and Chandradevi ({{lang|th|จันทรเทวีศรีบาทราชบุตรีศรีทองสมุทร}}), a [[Cham people|Cham]]-Chinese princess.{{Cite web |last=van Vliet |first=Jeremias |title=Jeremias van Vliet's DESCRIPTION of the KINGDOM OF SIAM |url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/JSS_007_1b_Ravenswaay_VanVlietsDescriptionOfTheKingdomOfSiam-2.pdf}}{{Cite book |last=van Vliet |first=Jeremias |title=Van Vliet's Siam}} |
According to a better-known source, a seventeenth-century account by Dutchman [[Jeremias van Vliet]], a ''Renowned Legend'' stated that Uthong was an ethnic Chinese, having sailed down from China. After succeeding in trade, he became influential enough to rule the city of [[Phetchaburi]], (or Vajrapur in Sanskrit ) a coastal town of the Gulf of Thailand, before travelling up to [[Ayutthaya Kingdom|Ayutthaya]]. This monarch, which was previously believed to be Ramathibodi I, has now been identified with [[Uthong II]], who was born to [[Pra Poa Noome Thele Seri]], king of [[Phrip Phri]], and Chandradevi ({{lang|th|จันทรเทวีศรีบาทราชบุตรีศรีทองสมุทร}}), a [[Cham people|Cham]]-Chinese princess.{{Cite web |last=van Vliet |first=Jeremias |title=Jeremias van Vliet's DESCRIPTION of the KINGDOM OF SIAM |url=https://thesiamsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/JSS_007_1b_Ravenswaay_VanVlietsDescriptionOfTheKingdomOfSiam-2.pdf}}{{Cite book |last=van Vliet |first=Jeremias |title=Van Vliet's Siam}} |
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==Reign== |
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| ⚫ | Ramathibodi I established four Great Officers of State. These were the [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Ministry of the Interior]] (''Wieng''), the Ministry of the Treasury (''Klang''), the Ministry for the King's Household (''Wang''), and the Ministry of Agriculture (''Na''). He also codified the T'ai laws. Finally, he formed an alliance with the [[Ming dynasty]].{{rp|28}} |
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Ramathibodi I ascended to the throne of U Thong circa 1347. In 1351, he relocated the capital approximately 80 kilometers (50 miles) east to an island in the Chao Phraya River, where he founded the city of Dvaravati Sri Ayudhya, commonly known as Ayutthaya. The city subsequently served as the capital of the kingdom for over 400 years.{{cite encyclopedia |last=Keyes |first=Charles F. |title=History of Thailand |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopedia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Thailand |access-date=25 April 2026 |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |language=en}} |
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On 4 March 1351, Ramathibodi I was formally established as the sovereign of a centralized state in the [[Chao Phraya]] valley, supported by the power centers of [[Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]], [[Lop Buri]], and [[Suphan Buri]]. Under his reign, the kingdom emerged as a significant regional power. His foreign policy involved maintaining diplomatic relations with the [[Sukhothai Kingdom]] to the north, while conducting military campaigns against the [[Khmer Empire]] (Angkor) to secure regional hegemony. |
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| ⚫ | Ramathibodi promoted maritime trade with Persian and Chinese merchants, facilitating Ayutthaya's development into a major international [[entrepôt]]. According to royal chronicles, his authority extended to [[Nakhon Ratchasima province|Korat]], [[Chanthaburi province|Chanthaburi]], [[Tavoy]], [[Tanintharyi (town)|Tanintharyi]], [[Tanintharyi Region|Tenasserim]], and parts of [[Malay Peninsula|Malaya]].{{rp|28}} |
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| ⚫ | Ramathibodi I established four Great Officers of State. These were the [[Ministry of Interior (Thailand)|Ministry of the Interior]] (''Wieng''), the Ministry of the Treasury (''Klang''), the Ministry for the King's Household (''Wang''), and the Ministry of Agriculture (''Na''). He also codified the T'ai laws. Finally, he formed an alliance with the [[Ming dynasty]].{{rp|28}} |
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In 1352 he laid siege to [[Yasodharapura]]. He was successful the following year and placed one of his sons on the throne. However, they were only able to keep the throne until 1357, when the Khmers were able to regain it.{{Cite book | last = Cœdès | first = George | authorlink = Georges Coedès | title = The Indianized states of Southeast Asia | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1968 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC | isbn =9780824803681 }}{{rp|236}} |
In 1352 he laid siege to [[Yasodharapura]]. He was successful the following year and placed one of his sons on the throne. However, they were only able to keep the throne until 1357, when the Khmers were able to regain it.{{Cite book | last = Cœdès | first = George | authorlink = Georges Coedès | title = The Indianized states of Southeast Asia | publisher = University of Hawaii Press | year = 1968 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=iDyJBFTdiwoC | isbn =9780824803681 }}{{rp|236}} |
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== Legacy == |
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=== Legal system === |
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King Ramathibodi's death sparked a conflict over succession. Initially, his son King [[Ramesuan (king of Ayutthaya)|Ramesuan]] became ruler of Ayutthaya, but his son later abdicated in favor of Ramathibodi's brother-in-law and the ruler of [[Suphannaphum|Suvarnabhumi]], King [[Borommarachathirat I]].Chakrabongse, C., 1960, Lords of Life, London: Alvin Redman Limited{{rp|29}} In 1388 Ramesuan took revenge by taking Ayutthaya back from Borommarachathirat I's son, [[Thonglan]]. and followed by Borommarachathirat I's nephew [[Intharacha (king of Ayutthaya)|Intharacha]] took Ayutthaya back for Suphannaphum dynasty in 1408. From then on Uthong dynasty was then purged and became a mere noble family of Ayutthaya until the 16th century. |
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One of Ramathibodi I's most significant contributions was the establishment of the Siamese legal system, which served as the kingdom's judicial foundation until the comprehensive reforms of King [[Chulalongkorn]] (Rama V) in the late 19th century. Between 1350 and 1359, he is credited with codifying a set of laws derived from traditional Tai customs—historically associated with the [[Nanzhao Kingdom]] of southern China—and other practices preserved by the [[Tai peoples]] prior to their settlement in the Chao Phraya basin. |
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King Ramathibodi's death in 1369 sparked a prolonged succession conflict between two powerful clans. Initially, his son [[Ramesuan (king of Ayutthaya)|Ramesuan]] ascended the throne, but he later abdicated in favor of Ramathibodi's brother-in-law, [[Borommarachathirat I]] of the [[Suphannaphum]] dynasty.Chakrabongse, C., 1960, Lords of Life, London: Alvin Redman Limited{{rp|29}} |
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The power struggle continued as Ramesuan reclaimed the throne in 1388 by deposing Borommarachathirat I's young son, [[Thong Lan]]. The Suphannaphum dynasty eventually secured long-term control in 1409, when Borommarachathirat I's nephew, [[Intharacha (king of Ayutthaya)|Intharacha]], took back Ayutthaya. Following this period, the [[Uthong dynasty]] declined in influence, eventually becoming a noble family within the Ayutthayan administrative structure until the 16th century. |
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==See also== |
==See also== |
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