User:NotBartEhrman/YNP

=== Early civil and military administration ===

=== Early civil and military administration ===

[[Nathaniel Langford]] was appointed as Yellowstone's first superintendent in 1872, but Congress denied him salary, funding, or staff; Yellowstone as a park was opposed by local mining and logging interests.{{cite journal |title=The Political Geography of National Parks |last=Dilsaver |first=Lary M. |author2=William Wyckoff |date=2005 |journal=The Pacific Historical Review |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=237–266 |doi=10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.237 }} Langford was unable to make any improvements to the park, but he understood the importance of defending Yellowstone from pollution and poaching and saw its value as a natural attraction, correctly predicting in his first annual report that it would eventually become internationally famous.{{cite book |last1=Rydell |first1=Kiki Leigh |first2=Mary Shivers|last2= Culpin |title=Managing the "Matchless Wonders": A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park, 1872–1965 |publisher=Yellowstone National Park |url=http://64.241.25.110/yell/pdfs/history/administration/chapter1.pdf |date=July 5, 2006 |access-date=April 1, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930181109/http://64.241.25.110/yell/pdfs/history/administration/chapter1.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2011 }}{{rp|2-4}}

[[Nathaniel P. Langford]] was appointed as Yellowstone's first superintendent in 1872, but Congress denied him salary, funding, or staff; Yellowstone Park was opposed by local mining and logging interests.{{cite journal |title=The Political Geography of National Parks |last=Dilsaver |first=Lary M. |author2=William Wyckoff |date=2005 |journal=The Pacific Historical Review |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=237–266 |doi=10.1525/phr.2005.74.2.237 }} Langford was unable to make any improvements to the park, but he understood the importance of defending Yellowstone from pollution and poaching and saw its value as a natural attraction, correctly predicting in his first annual report that it would eventually become internationally famous.{{cite book |last1=Rydell |first1=Kiki Leigh |first2=Mary Shivers|last2= Culpin |title=Managing the "Matchless Wonders": A History of Administrative Development in Yellowstone National Park, 1872–1965 |publisher=Yellowstone National Park |url=http://64.241.25.110/yell/pdfs/history/administration/chapter1.pdf |date=2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930181109/http://64.241.25.110/yell/pdfs/history/administration/chapter1.pdf |archive-date=September 30, 2011 }}{{rp|2-4}}

In the early years after its designation, Yellowstone served as a military outpost from which the United States Army planned raids into the [[Sioux]] territory of the [[Black Hills]]. [[William Ludlow]], an Indian Wars veteran, was ordered in 1875 to survey the new park to determine appropriate sites for building forts.{{cite book |last1=Germic |first1=Stephen |title=American Green: Class, Crisis, and the Development of Nature in Central Park, Yosemite, and Yellowstone |date=2001 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=0739102281 |page=96}} This was the only real geographical work that was done during Langford's tenure. In April 1877, Langford was replaced by [[Philetus Norris]], who soon faced a number of crises from neighboring tribes. Yellowstone was fortified following the 1877 [[Nez Perce War]], in which sightseers became casualties. In the 1878 [[Bannock War]], the Bannock asserted rights over the Great Bannock Trail and raided a [[United States Geological Survey]] party there (capturing their livestock without any injuries or deaths), causing Norris to cut a trail for military use from Mammoth through Obsidian Cliffs down to the Upper Geyser Basin.{{cite book |last1=Janetski |first1=Joel C. |title=Indians in Yellowstone National Park |date=2002 |publisher=University of Utah Press |isbn=978-0-87480-724-0 |pages=91-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiansinyellows0000jane/page/92/mode/2up}} .. the 1879 [[Sheepeater Indian War]]. Norris expressed gratitude for the comparatively friendly relations park officials held with the Crow people and urged Congress to grant them lands north of the park boundary.{{rp|5}}

In the early years after its designation, Yellowstone served as a military outpost from which the United States Army planned raids into the [[Sioux]] territory of the [[Black Hills]] to the east. An Indian Wars veteran, [[William Ludlow]], was ordered in 1875 to survey the new park to determine appropriate sites for building forts.{{cite book |last1=Germic |first1=Stephen |title=American Green: Class, Crisis, and the Development of Nature in Central Park, Yosemite, and Yellowstone |date=2001 |publisher=Lexington Books |isbn=0739102281 |page=96}} This was the only real geographical work that was done during Langford's tenure. In April 1877, Langford was replaced by [[Philetus Norris]], who soon faced a number of crises from neighboring tribes. During the 1877 [[Nez Perce War]], nine park visitors were taken captive by Nez Perce fleeing the U.S. Army, and two were killed in skirmishes. In the 1878 [[Bannock War]], the Bannock asserted rights over the Great Bannock Trail and raided a [[United States Geological Survey]] party there and captured their livestock (without any injuries or deaths), causing Norris to cut a trail for military use from Mammoth through Obsidian Cliffs down to the Upper Geyser Basin.{{cite book |last1=Janetski |first1=Joel C. |title=Indians in Yellowstone National Park |date=2002 |publisher=University of Utah Press |isbn=978-0-87480-724-0 |pages=91-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiansinyellows0000jane/page/92/mode/2up}} In the aftermath of the [[Sheepeater Indian War]] of 1879, Norris built a fort to prevent Native Americans from entering the national park. Norris expressed gratitude for the comparatively friendly relations the Crow people had established with park officials and urged Congress to grant them land north of the park boundary.{{rp|5}}

Under the [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)|Treaty of Fort Laramie]], various Indian tribes were guaranteed hunting rights in the park, but this was quickly curbed after local Indian wars. Regular patrols ended the use of the Great Bannock Trail in the 1880s. In 1889, Native hunts were prohibited.

Under the [[Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868)|Treaty of Fort Laramie]], various Indian tribes were guaranteed hunting rights in the park, but this was quickly curbed after local Indian wars. Regular patrols ended the use of the Great Bannock Trail in the 1880s. In 1889, Native hunts were prohibited.