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== Causes of the division of the empire ==

== To-Do List ==

In 1524–1526, the Spaniards, under the command of [[Francisco Pizarro]], explored the northwestern coast of South America. They are believed to have carried [[smallpox]], [[measles]], or [[influenza]] to the continent, as these had been [[endemic]] among Europeans for centuries. The new infectious diseases erupted in epidemics and caused high mortality and disaster for the Inca and other indigenous peoples, who had no immunity. The outbreak of the disease that is believed to be smallpox killed the most people in the first years of the Civil War.

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[[Atahualpa]] was a son of [[Huayna Capac]]. Atahualpa accompanied his father on every military expedition in the north. Huayna Capac used these expeditions to test his son's military capabilities. He sent Atahualpa on a military expedition to conquer the Pasto people. However, Atahualpa fled and received harsh treatment upon his return.

Huayna Capac, who was in Tumebamba, heard news of the strangers arriving at Tumbes. Although he did not personally encounter any Spaniards, he possibly contracted smallpox and died in 1527. '''Garcilaso de la Vega explains how Huayna Capac had known about the "bearded men" who had been travelling along the western coast of South America. His shared his final wishes with those next to his deathbed, wishing for his people to submit to supposed bearded men, believing the laws, customs, and bravery of these bearded men were superior to that of the Inca people. {{Cite book |last=de la Vega |first=Garcilaso |title=The Royal Commentaries of the Inca |date=1539-1616 |publisher=The Orion Press |year=1961 |location=New York |publication-date=1961 |pages=335 |language=En |trans-title=Spanish}}''' ******'''Although he did not personally encounter any Spaniards, he possibly contracted smallpox and died in 1527.'''

''^^^^Is my inclusion of de la Vega relevant here?''

He had previously '''Huayna Capac had originally''' named Ninan Cuyochi as his successor. A group of nobles was sent to Cusco to inform Ninan Cuyochi. However, Huayna Capac later instead appointed Huáscar as his heir. Since the auguries were negative, the great priest (Villaq Umu) returned to Tumebamba for Huayna Capac to make a new choice. But at his arrival, the [[Sapa Inca]] was already dead. Meanwhile, the group of nobles sent to Cusco learned of the death of [[Ninan Cuyochi]]. It was uncertain who should be the next Inca emperor; they had no clear rules of succession. Two sons of Huayna Capac, Huáscar and Atahualpa, born of different mothers, both claimed the position.

If the sovereign and his successor both died, then a new emperor was elected by the Inca nobles. And so Huáscar was supported by the nobility in Cuzco, by religious and political authorities and other main figures. He was, through his mother, a part of Capac Ayllu, the [[Panakas|panaka]] of [[Topa Inca Yupanqui|Topa Inca]].

His parents, Huayna Capac and Chincha Ocllo, were siblings. As in some other cultures, the Inca violated incest rules to keep religious and political authority limited among a small elite. As to Atahualpa, sources disagree on his ancestry. According to some sources, mainly [[Inca Garcilaso de la Vega]], he was the son of a woman from Quito. [[Juan de Velasco]] says his mother was [[Paccha Duchicela|Paccha]], the queen of Quito. '''Cieza de LeOn notes that Atahualpas mother was Tupa Palla from the lineage in upper cuzco, denying the fact his mother was a princess or queen in Quito.'''{{Cite book |last=Canseco |first=Maria Rostworowski de Diez |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=PfO9_ohMYQQC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Mar%C3%ADa+Rostworowski+de+Diez+Canseco,+History+of+the+Inca+Realm,+trans.+Harry+B.+Iceland+(Cambridge:+Cambridge+University+Press,+1999),+317%E2%80%93366.&ots=RBOMadIjmi&sig=EtN2-eynUmjTo8Qdzhox3EIIL8E#v=onepage&q=huascar&f=false |title=History of the Inca Realm |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63759-6 |language=en}} However, the large majority of [[Atahualpa|reliable sources]] say that Atahualpa was the son of a woman from the panaka of [[Pachacuti]]. Therefore, the conflict was most likely a conflict between the panakas. According to the French historian Henri Favre, the panaka of Topa Inca was in the Hurin (low) part of Cusco. According to him, the conflict was not just opposing the two panakas but all the panakas of Cusco, depending on rather they were Hurin or Hanan (high). Huáscar was described as ill-tempered, suspicious, and disrespectful of laws and customs. This made him unpopular with the Inca nobles in Cusco. Atahualpa, who already had got the support of the Inca armies stationed north, was now plotting against his brother. '''Generals in the north, previously employed by Huayna Capac, prompted Atahualpa to rebel against his brother. They held closer relationships with Atahualpa than Huascar, ultimately concluding that they would recive better treatment from Atahualpa compared to the treatment in Cuzco under Huascar.'''{{Cite book |last=Canseco |first=Maria Rostworowski de Diez |url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=PfO9_ohMYQQC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=Mar%C3%ADa+Rostworowski+de+Diez+Canseco,+History+of+the+Inca+Realm,+trans.+Harry+B.+Iceland+(Cambridge:+Cambridge+University+Press,+1999),+317%E2%80%93366.&ots=RBOMadIjmi&sig=EtN2-eynUmjTo8Qdzhox3EIIL8E#v=onepage&q=atahualpa&f=false |title=History of the Inca Realm |date=1999 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-63759-6 |language=en}}