User:Dhhuang17/Curriculum studies

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== The different types of curriculum ==

=== Hidden curriculum ===

A type of curriculum that focuses on how society transmits culture from generation to generation has been tagged with the term "[[hidden curriculum]]"{{cite web |last1=Smith |first1=Mark, K |title=Curriculum theory and practice |url=http://infed.org/mobi/curriculum-theory-and-practice/ |accessdate=18 January 2015 |website=infed.org |publisher=The Encyclopaedia of Informal Education}} For instance, one of the 19th century founders of the discipline of sociology, [[Émile Durkheim]], observed that more is taught and learned in schools than specified in the established curriculum of textbooks and teacher manuals. This curriculum has "non-academic functions and effects"{{Cite journal |last1=Orón Semper |first1=José Víctor |last2=Blasco |first2=Maribel |date=2018-09-01 |title=Revealing the Hidden Curriculum in Higher Education |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s11217-018-9608-5 |journal=Studies in Philosophy and Education |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=481–498 |doi=10.1007/s11217-018-9608-5 |hdl=10398/aeb61409-8f06-4438-b44b-6f53673a940c |issn=1573-191X |url-access=subscription |hdl-access=free}} In ''Moral Education'' Durkheim wrote:

{{blockquote|In fact, there is a whole system of rules in the school that predetermine the child's conduct. He must come to class regularly; he must arrive at a specified time and with an appropriate bearing and attitude. He must not disrupt things in class. He must have learned his lessons, done his homework, and have done so reasonably well, etc. There are, therefore, a host of obligations that the child is required to shoulder. Together they constitute the discipline of the school. It is through the practice of school discipline that we can inculcate the spirit of discipline in the child. (1961 [1925]). ''Moral Education''. New York, The Free Press. p . 148)}}

It teaches children life skills like learning to "wait quietly", exercising restraint, putting forth your best effort, completing work, keeping busy, cooperating, "showing allegiance to both teachers and peers", being neat and punctual, so on and so forth.

=== Common core ===

''Common core is a type of'' curriculum that heavily focuses on building "literacy skills and understandings required for college and career readiness in multiple disciplines."{{Cite journal |last1=Vicky Giouroukakis |first1=PhD |last2=Audrey Cohan |first2=Ed D. |date=2014 |title=Common Core, Common Language: Reforming Instructional Questioning |url=https://works.bepress.com/audrey-cohan/8/ |journal=The Delta Kappa Gamma Bulletin |volume=80 |issue=4}} ''The main'' goal ''of Common core'' is to encourage critical thinking by utilizing the questioning strategy. Students gain a more advanced understanding of a topic as they have to elaborate on their thoughts. Memorization is no longer key. This type of curriculum requires instructors to ask the right kind of questions, depending on one's content area, for it to be effective.

'''In order to develop critical thinking, educators often utilize active learning methodologies. Active learning puts students into the role of active participate through collaborative problem-solving and hands-on learning. Research published by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS) found that these methods can reduce the achievement gap in STEM scores by 33% and narrow passing rate gaps by 45%. PNAS also found active learning makes complex technical content more accessible to underrepresented groups.'''

Types of Ela and Social Studies question include:

* Literal question- a question that children can easily find the answer to

* Interpretative question- a question that requires children to dig deeper. Students are tasked with interpreting the text's meaning or content.

* Evaluative question- a question that requires students to reflect on the text in an analytical manner.

Types of Science questions include:

* Convergent question- a question that causes students to utilize basic knowledge. This the type of question lies within a three-tier question system. It should be used first.

* Divergent question- a question that can invoke a variety of responses. This is the type of question lies within a three-tier question system. It should be used second.

* Evaluative thinking- a question that can be used to gather ones opinion about the text. This is the type of question lies within a three-tier question system. It should be used third.

Types of Math questions include:

* Procedural- questions that require simple problem solving.

* Conceptual- questions that require abstract cognition and thinking regarding math concepts.

* Application- questions that require the use of math skills on real world problems.

=== Emergent curriculum ===

A type of curriculum that focuses on the implantation of children's interests is called [[emergent curriculum]]. Emergent curriculum has one main goal. That goal is to "create meaningful [learning opportunities] for children" based on those interests. This type of curriculum requires the instructor to consistently implicate certain task and skills for it to be used correctly. These tasks and skills are observations, documentation, creative brainstorming, flexibility, and patience.

* Observations- How does the student react? What was the outcome of using that particular strategy?

* Documentation- What do you see?

* Creative brainstorming- How can your students explore their topic of interest further? What are some potential activities?

* Flexibility and Patience- These aspects are needed because the curriculum is constantly undergoing change, growth, and development.

Similar to above, this curriculum also has non- academic benefits. Emergent curriculum is "meant to be [[Culture|culturally]] responsive and inclusive in nature, so that all children [can] work at their own pace". A teacher's role is to "[following] the children's lead, [expanding] on their interests, [providing] meaningful and developmentally appropriate materials, and [promoting] independent learning skills". Children's interests guides the curriculum.

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