Three Arrows
again a communism link had to be changed. a bit frustrating to point to "Pure Communism" when the iron fronts targeting of communism was aimed at a specific form of it
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[[File:Cover_of_Dreipfeil_gegen_Hakenkreuz.jpg|thumb|right|Cover of Chakhotin's book ''Three Arrows against the Swastika'']] |
[[File:Cover_of_Dreipfeil_gegen_Hakenkreuz.jpg|thumb|right|Cover of Chakhotin's book ''Three Arrows against the Swastika'']] |
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Mierendorf and Chakhotin launched the Three Arrows against the Swastika (''Dreipfeil gegen Hakenkreuz'') campaign. Chakhotin authored a book by the same name. The Three Arrows were thought to represent the struggle of the [[social democracy|social democratic]] movement against [[Reactionary|reaction]] (referring to [[monarchism]]), [[communism]] and [[fascism]]. On a widely used and publicized SPD election poster for the [[German federal election, November 1932|6 November 1932]] [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] elections, the Three Arrows were used to represent opposition to the [[Communist Party of Germany|Communist Party]], the monarchist parties, and the [[Nazi Party]], accompanied by the slogan "Against [[Franz von Papen|Papen]], [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]], [[Ernst Thälmann|Thälmann]]".{{Cite web |title=Tafel 1 - Foto 6 (Hohe Auflösung): Wahlplakat der SPD zur Reichtagswahl 1932 |trans-title=Panel 1 - Photo 6 (high resolution): SPD election poster for the 1932 Reichstag election |language=de |url=https://politische-verfolgung-moerfelden.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/tafel-1-foto-6-hohe-auflc3b6sung-wahlplakat_der_spd_zur_reichstagswahl_1932.jpg |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=politische-verfolgung-moerfelden.de |publisher=Denkmal für die politisch Verfolgten in Mörfelden 1933-1945}} The three arrows also represented the three agents of working class strength: political (represented by the SPD), economic (represented by the [[Trade union|trade unions]]) and physical (represented by the {{lang|de|[[Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold]]}}).{{cite web |title=Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold - Themen: Die Eiserne Front |trans-title=Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold - Topics: The Iron Front |website=Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold - Reichsbanner Geschichte |url=https://reichsbanner-geschichte.de/nc/reichsbanner-geschichte/themen/thema/Themen/show/die-eiserne-front/ |language=de |access-date=2020-12-18 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122160109/https://reichsbanner-geschichte.de/nc/reichsbanner-geschichte/themen/thema/Themen/show/die-eiserne-front/ |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold |trans-title=Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold |website=SPD Geschichtswerkstatt |url=https://www.spd-geschichtswerkstatt.de/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold |language=de |access-date=18 December 2020}}{{cite book |last=Posudin |first=Yuriy |title=Sergei Chakhotin - His contributions to social psychology and biophysics |location=Kyiv |date=2015 |publisher=Artmedia print |isbn=978-966-97453-1-6}} Chakhotin provides an even wider range of meanings, including the three elements of the movement (political/intellectual power, economic force, physical force), the three qualities demanded of fighters (activity, discipline, union), as well as the ideals of the [[French Revolution]] ({{lang|fr|[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}). He also noted that "the figure 3 appears so often in human life, in thoughts, in personal life, and in history, that it has become a sort of 'sacred figure'."{{Cite book |last=Chakhotin |first=Sergei |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.216264 |title=The Rape Of The Masses |year=1940 |pages=105–106}} |
Mierendorf and Chakhotin launched the Three Arrows against the Swastika (''Dreipfeil gegen Hakenkreuz'') campaign. Chakhotin authored a book by the same name. The Three Arrows were thought to represent the struggle of the [[social democracy|social democratic]] movement against [[Reactionary|reaction]] (referring to [[monarchism]]), [[Stalinism|communism]] and [[fascism]]. On a widely used and publicized SPD election poster for the [[German federal election, November 1932|6 November 1932]] [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]] elections, the Three Arrows were used to represent opposition to the [[Communist Party of Germany|Communist Party]], the monarchist parties, and the [[Nazi Party]], accompanied by the slogan "Against [[Franz von Papen|Papen]], [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]], [[Ernst Thälmann|Thälmann]]".{{Cite web |title=Tafel 1 - Foto 6 (Hohe Auflösung): Wahlplakat der SPD zur Reichtagswahl 1932 |trans-title=Panel 1 - Photo 6 (high resolution): SPD election poster for the 1932 Reichstag election |language=de |url=https://politische-verfolgung-moerfelden.de/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/tafel-1-foto-6-hohe-auflc3b6sung-wahlplakat_der_spd_zur_reichstagswahl_1932.jpg |access-date=18 April 2021 |website=politische-verfolgung-moerfelden.de |publisher=Denkmal für die politisch Verfolgten in Mörfelden 1933-1945}} The three arrows also represented the three agents of working class strength: political (represented by the SPD), economic (represented by the [[Trade union|trade unions]]) and physical (represented by the {{lang|de|[[Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold]]}}).{{cite web |title=Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold - Themen: Die Eiserne Front |trans-title=Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold - Topics: The Iron Front |website=Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold - Reichsbanner Geschichte |url=https://reichsbanner-geschichte.de/nc/reichsbanner-geschichte/themen/thema/Themen/show/die-eiserne-front/ |language=de |access-date=2020-12-18 |archive-date=22 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122160109/https://reichsbanner-geschichte.de/nc/reichsbanner-geschichte/themen/thema/Themen/show/die-eiserne-front/ |url-status=dead }}{{cite web |title=Reichsbanner Schwarz-Rot-Gold |trans-title=Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold |website=SPD Geschichtswerkstatt |url=https://www.spd-geschichtswerkstatt.de/wiki/Reichsbanner_Schwarz-Rot-Gold |language=de |access-date=18 December 2020}}{{cite book |last=Posudin |first=Yuriy |title=Sergei Chakhotin - His contributions to social psychology and biophysics |location=Kyiv |date=2015 |publisher=Artmedia print |isbn=978-966-97453-1-6}} Chakhotin provides an even wider range of meanings, including the three elements of the movement (political/intellectual power, economic force, physical force), the three qualities demanded of fighters (activity, discipline, union), as well as the ideals of the [[French Revolution]] ({{lang|fr|[[liberté, égalité, fraternité]]}}). He also noted that "the figure 3 appears so often in human life, in thoughts, in personal life, and in history, that it has become a sort of 'sacred figure'."{{Cite book |last=Chakhotin |first=Sergei |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.216264 |title=The Rape Of The Masses |year=1940 |pages=105–106}} |
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The aesthetic of the campaign and the Three Arrows symbol as such drew inspiration from [[Russian avant-garde|Soviet-Russian avant-garde]] revolutionary artwork. According to Chakhotin, his inspiration for the Three Arrows was a [[swastika]] that had been crossed over with chalk in [[Heidelberg]]. Per Chakhotin's argument, the Three Arrows and the swastika would always appear as if the three lines were imposed over the swastika rather than the other way around. The Three Arrows were adopted as an official social democrat symbol by the SPD leadership and the Iron Front by June 1932. Iron Front members would carry the symbol on their arm bands.{{cite book |first=Georg |last=Franz-Willing |title=1933, die nationale Erhebung |language=de |trans-title=1933, the national survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7m2AAAAIAAJ |year=1982 |publisher=Druffel-Verlag |isbn=978-3-8061-1021-0 |page=20 |via=[[Google Books]]}} The slogan "neither Stalin's slaves nor Hitler's henchmen" was also used by the SPD in connection with the symbol. |
The aesthetic of the campaign and the Three Arrows symbol as such drew inspiration from [[Russian avant-garde|Soviet-Russian avant-garde]] revolutionary artwork. According to Chakhotin, his inspiration for the Three Arrows was a [[swastika]] that had been crossed over with chalk in [[Heidelberg]]. Per Chakhotin's argument, the Three Arrows and the swastika would always appear as if the three lines were imposed over the swastika rather than the other way around. The Three Arrows were adopted as an official social democrat symbol by the SPD leadership and the Iron Front by June 1932. Iron Front members would carry the symbol on their arm bands.{{cite book |first=Georg |last=Franz-Willing |title=1933, die nationale Erhebung |language=de |trans-title=1933, the national survey |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z7m2AAAAIAAJ |year=1982 |publisher=Druffel-Verlag |isbn=978-3-8061-1021-0 |page=20 |via=[[Google Books]]}} The slogan "neither Stalin's slaves nor Hitler's henchmen" was also used by the SPD in connection with the symbol. |
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