Surface wave

{{further|Gravity wave}}

{{further|Gravity wave}}

In [[seismology]], several types of surface waves are encountered. Surface waves, in this mechanical sense, are commonly known as either ''[[Love wave]]s'' (L waves) or ''[[Rayleigh wave]]s''. A [[seismic wave]] is a wave that ''travels through the Earth, often as the result of an earthquake or explosion.'' Love waves have [[transversal wave|transverse]] motion (movement is perpendicular to the direction of travel, like light waves), whereas Rayleigh waves have both [[longitudinal wave|longitudinal]] (movement parallel to the direction of travel, like sound waves) and transverse motion. Seismic waves are studied by seismologists and measured by a seismograph or seismometer. Surface waves span a wide frequency range, and the period of waves that are most damaging is usually 10 seconds or longer. Surface waves can travel around the globe many times from the largest earthquakes. Surface waves are caused when P waves and S waves come to the surface.

In [[seismology]], several types of surface waves are encountered. Surface waves, in this mechanical sense, are commonly known as either ''[[Love wave]]s'' (L waves) or ''[[Rayleigh wave]]s''. A [[seismic wave]] is a wave that ''travels through the Earth, often as the result of an earthquake or explosion.'' Love waves have [[transversal wave|transverse]] motion (movement is perpendicular to the direction of travel, like light waves), whereas Rayleigh waves have both [[longitudinal wave|longitudinal]] (movement parallel to the direction of travel, like sound waves) and transverse motion. Seismic waves are studied by seismologists and measured by a seismograph or seismometer. Surface waves span a wide frequency range, and the period of waves that are most damaging is usually 10 seconds or longer. Surface waves can travel around the globe many times from the largest earthquakes. Surface waves are caused when [[P wave|P waves]] and [[S wave|S waves]] come to the surface.

Examples are the [[wave]]s at the surface of [[water]] and [[air]] ([[ocean surface wave]]s). Another example is [[internal wave]]s, which can be transmitted along the interface of two water masses of different densities.

Examples are the [[wave]]s at the surface of [[water]] and [[air]] ([[ocean surface wave]]s). Another example is [[internal wave]]s, which can be transmitted along the interface of two water masses of different densities.

{{further|Ground wave}}

{{further|Ground wave}}

''[[Ground wave]]s'' are [[radio waves]] [[Radio propagation|propagating]] parallel to and adjacent to the surface of the Earth, following the [[curvature of the Earth]]. This radiative ground wave is known as '''Norton surface wave''', or more properly '''Norton ground wave''', because ground waves in radio propagation are not confined to the surface.

''[[Ground wave]]s'' are [[radio waves]] [[Radio propagation|propagating]] parallel to and adjacent to the surface of the Earth, following the [[curvature of the Earth]]. This radiative ground wave is known as ''Norton surface wave'', or more properly ''Norton ground wave'', because ground waves in radio propagation are not confined to the surface.

Another type of surface wave is the non-radiative, bound-mode ''[[Zenneck wave|Zenneck surface wave]]'' or ''Zenneck–Sommerfeld surface wave''.[https://archive.org/download/bstj16-1-35/bstj16-1-35_text.pdf The Physical Reality of Zenneck's Surface Wave].Hill, D. A., and J. R. Wait (1978), Excitation of the Zenneck surface wave by a vertical aperture, Radio Sci., 13(6), 969–977, {{doi|10.1029/RS013i006p00969}}.Goubau, G., [http://www.nedyn.com/Goubau_1951-X.pdf "Über die Zennecksche Bodenwelle," (On the Zenneck Surface Wave)], ''Zeitschrift für Angewandte Physik'', Vol. 3, 1951, Nrs. 3/4, pp. 103–107.{{cite book |last1=Barlow |first1=H. |last2=Brown |first2=J. |title=Radio Surface Waves |date=1962 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |pages=10–12 |language=en |chapter= II}}Corum, K. L., M. W. Miller, J. F. Corum, "[http://rexresearch.com/corumzenneck/texzon.pdf Surface Waves and the Crucial Propagation Experiment]," Proceedings of the 2016 Texas Symposium on Wireless and Microwave Circuits and Systems (WMCS 2016), Baylor University, Waco, TX, March 31-April 1, 2016, IEEE, MTT-S, {{ISBN|9781509027569}}. The earth has one refractive index and the atmosphere has another, thus constituting an [[Interface (chemistry)|interface]] that supports the guided Zenneck wave's transmission. Other types of surface wave are the '''trapped surface wave''',Wait, James, "[http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/59/jresv59n6p365_A1b.pdf Excitation of Surface Waves on Conducting, Stratified, Dielectric-Clad, and Corrugated Surfaces]," ''Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards'' Vol. 59, No.6, December 1957. the '''gliding wave''' and '''[[Dyakonov surface waves]]''' (DSW) propagating at the interface of transparent materials with different symmetry.{{cite journal| last = Dyakonov| first = M. I.| title = New type of electromagnetic wave propagating at an interface| journal =Soviet Physics JETP| volume =67|issue =4| page =714|date =April 1988| bibcode = 1988JETP...67..714D|url = http://jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/e/index/e/67/4/p714?a=list}}{{cite journal|author=Takayama, O.|title=Dyakonov Surface Waves: A Review. |journal=Electromagnetics|volume=28 |pages=126–145 |date=2008|last2=Crasovan, L. C. |first2=Johansen, S. K. |last3=Mihalache, D |first3=Artigas, D. |last4=Torner, L. |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/02726340801921403 |s2cid=121726611 }}{{cite journal|author=Takayama, O.|title=Observation of Dyakonov surface waves. |journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=102 |article-number=043903 |date=2009|last2=Crasovan, L. C. |first2=Artigas, D. |last3=Torner, L. |issue=4 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.043903 |pmid=19257419 |bibcode=2009PhRvL.102d3903T |s2cid=14540394 |hdl=2117/105762 |hdl-access=free }}{{cite journal|author=Takayama, O.|title=Lossless directional guiding of light in dielectric nanosheets using Dyakonov surface waves. |journal=Nature Nanotechnology|volume=9 |pages=419–424 |date=2014|last2=Artigas, D. |first2=Torner, L. |issue=6 |doi=10.1038/nnano.2014.90 |pmid=24859812 |bibcode=2014NatNa...9..419T |hdl=2117/23400 |hdl-access=free }} Apart from these, various types of surface waves have been studied for optical wavelengths.{{cite journal|author=Takayama, O.|title=Photonic surface waves on metamaterial interfaces. |journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|volume=29 |page=463001 |date=2017|last2= Bogdanov, A. A. |first2=Lavrinenko, A. V. |issue=46 |doi=10.1088/1361-648X/aa8bdd |pmid=29053474 |bibcode=2017JPCM...29T3001T }}

Another type of surface wave is the non-radiative, bound-mode ''[[Zenneck wave|Zenneck surface wave]]'' or ''Zenneck–Sommerfeld surface wave''.[https://archive.org/download/bstj16-1-35/bstj16-1-35_text.pdf The Physical Reality of Zenneck's Surface Wave].Hill, D. A., and J. R. Wait (1978), Excitation of the Zenneck surface wave by a vertical aperture, Radio Sci., 13(6), 969–977, {{doi|10.1029/RS013i006p00969}}.Goubau, G., [http://www.nedyn.com/Goubau_1951-X.pdf "Über die Zennecksche Bodenwelle," (On the Zenneck Surface Wave)], ''Zeitschrift für Angewandte Physik'', Vol. 3, 1951, Nrs. 3/4, pp. 103–107.{{cite book |last1=Barlow |first1=H. |last2=Brown |first2=J. |title=Radio Surface Waves |date=1962 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=London |pages=10–12 |language=en |chapter= II}}Corum, K. L., M. W. Miller, J. F. Corum, "[http://rexresearch.com/corumzenneck/texzon.pdf Surface Waves and the Crucial Propagation Experiment]," Proceedings of the 2016 Texas Symposium on Wireless and Microwave Circuits and Systems (WMCS 2016), Baylor University, Waco, TX, March 31-April 1, 2016, IEEE, MTT-S, {{ISBN|9781509027569}}. The earth has one refractive index and the atmosphere has another, thus constituting an [[Interface (chemistry)|interface]] that supports the guided Zenneck wave's transmission. Other types of surface wave are the ''trapped surface wave'',Wait, James, "[http://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/59/jresv59n6p365_A1b.pdf Excitation of Surface Waves on Conducting, Stratified, Dielectric-Clad, and Corrugated Surfaces]," ''Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards'' Vol. 59, No.6, December 1957. the ''gliding wave'' and ''[[Dyakonov surface waves]]'' (DSW) propagating at the interface of transparent materials with different symmetry.{{cite journal| last = Dyakonov| first = M. I.| title = New type of electromagnetic wave propagating at an interface| journal =Soviet Physics JETP| volume =67|issue =4| page =714|date =April 1988| bibcode = 1988JETP...67..714D|url = http://jetp.ac.ru/cgi-bin/e/index/e/67/4/p714?a=list}}{{cite journal|author=Takayama, O.|title=Dyakonov Surface Waves: A Review. |journal=Electromagnetics|volume=28 |pages=126–145 |date=2008|last2=Crasovan, L. C. |first2=Johansen, S. K. |last3=Mihalache, D |first3=Artigas, D. |last4=Torner, L. |issue=3 |doi=10.1080/02726340801921403 |s2cid=121726611 }}{{cite journal|author=Takayama, O.|title=Observation of Dyakonov surface waves. |journal=Physical Review Letters|volume=102 |article-number=043903 |date=2009|last2=Crasovan, L. C. |first2=Artigas, D. |last3=Torner, L. |issue=4 |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.043903 |pmid=19257419 |bibcode=2009PhRvL.102d3903T |s2cid=14540394 |hdl=2117/105762 |hdl-access=free }}{{cite journal|author=Takayama, O.|title=Lossless directional guiding of light in dielectric nanosheets using Dyakonov surface waves. |journal=Nature Nanotechnology|volume=9 |pages=419–424 |date=2014|last2=Artigas, D. |first2=Torner, L. |issue=6 |doi=10.1038/nnano.2014.90 |pmid=24859812 |bibcode=2014NatNa...9..419T |hdl=2117/23400 |hdl-access=free }} Apart from these, various types of surface waves have been studied for optical wavelengths.{{cite journal|author=Takayama, O.|title=Photonic surface waves on metamaterial interfaces. |journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|volume=29 |page=463001 |date=2017|last2= Bogdanov, A. A. |first2=Lavrinenko, A. V. |issue=46 |doi=10.1088/1361-648X/aa8bdd |pmid=29053474 |bibcode=2017JPCM...29T3001T }}

===Microwave field theory===

===Microwave field theory===