Scarification in Africa
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[[Scarification]] is sometimes included within the category of [[tattoo]]ing, due to both practices creating marks with pigment underneath and textures or pigments on the surface of the skin.{{cite journal |last1=Schildkrout |first1=Enid |title=Inscribing the Body |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |date=June 11, 2004 |volume=33 |pages=323, 331 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143947 |jstor=25064856 |s2cid=5531519 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143947|url-access=subscription }} In Africa, [[Scramble for Africa#Colonization prior to World War I|European colonial governments]] and [[Christianity and colonialism#Africa|European Christian missionaries]] criminalized and stigmatized the cultural practices of tattooing and scarification; consequently, the practices underwent decline, ended, or continued to be performed as acts of [[Resistance movement|resistance]]. |
[[Scarification]] is sometimes included within the category of [[tattoo]]ing, due to both practices creating marks with pigment underneath and textures or pigments on the surface of the skin.{{cite journal |last1=Schildkrout |first1=Enid |title=Inscribing the Body |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |date=June 11, 2004 |volume=33 |pages=323, 331 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143947 |jstor=25064856 |s2cid=5531519 |url=https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143947|url-access=subscription }} In Africa, [[Scramble for Africa#Colonization prior to World War I|European colonial governments]] and [[Christianity and colonialism#Africa|European Christian missionaries]] criminalized and stigmatized the cultural practices of tattooing and scarification; consequently, the practices underwent decline, ended, or continued to be performed as acts of [[Resistance movement|resistance]]. |
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While scarification can be mentioned within the realm of tattooing, the two are different. "To signal ethnic identity and role relations, The Bini tattooed their skin. scarification and [[cicatrization]] serve medicinal rather than strictly social purposes." {{Cite book |last=Nevadomsky |first=Joseph |title=The Clothing of Political Identity |date=Winter 1995 |publisher=African Arts |year=1995 |edition=Iss. 1 |location=Los Angeles |publication-date=Winter 1995 |pages= |
While scarification can be mentioned within the realm of tattooing, the two are different. "To signal ethnic identity and role relations, The Bini tattooed their skin. scarification and [[cicatrization]] serve medicinal rather than strictly social purposes." {{Cite book |last=Nevadomsky |first=Joseph |title=The Clothing of Political Identity |date=Winter 1995 |publisher=African Arts |year=1995 |edition=Iss. 1 |location=Los Angeles |publication-date=Winter 1995 |pages=1–4}} Scarification represents an artistic representation of oneself, as well as a hierarchical status. |
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===North Africa === |
===North Africa === |
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Historically, the [[Igbo people]] have had the cultural practice of body markings. Markings for women are known as Itu Mbibi, whereas, markings for men are known as Igbu Ichi;{{cite book |last1=Ibekwe |first1=Eunice |title=A Bountiful Harvest: Festschrift in honour of Very Rev. MSGR. Prof. J.P.C. Nzomiwu |date=2012 |publisher=Rex Charles and Patrick Limited |isbn=9789785096538 |page=5 |chapter-url=https://www.nigerianjournalsonline.com/index.php/published_Articles/article/download/584/575 |chapter=The Imperialist Origin Of Bias Towards The Integrity Of Traditional Music In Africa}} the Igbu Ichi facial markings symbolize honor, integrity, and valor. |
Historically, the [[Igbo people]] have had the cultural practice of body markings. Markings for women are known as Itu Mbibi, whereas, markings for men are known as Igbu Ichi;{{cite book |last1=Ibekwe |first1=Eunice |title=A Bountiful Harvest: Festschrift in honour of Very Rev. MSGR. Prof. J.P.C. Nzomiwu |date=2012 |publisher=Rex Charles and Patrick Limited |isbn=9789785096538 |page=5 |chapter-url=https://www.nigerianjournalsonline.com/index.php/published_Articles/article/download/584/575 |chapter=The Imperialist Origin Of Bias Towards The Integrity Of Traditional Music In Africa}} the Igbu Ichi facial markings symbolize honor, integrity, and valor. |
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Similarly in eastern [[Nigeria]], [[Igbo people|Igbo]] scarification denoted age, gender, and political authority. As permanent body marking decreased. women continued painting designs, known as [[Uli (design)|Uli]] on the walls of their houses, on pottery, and on their bodies as temporary decoration during coming of age ceremonies (S.Adm 2002; Cole & Aniorkor 1984, pp. 39-46; Willis 1989). {{Cite journal |last=Schildkrout |first=Enid |date=2004 |title=Inscribing the Body |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064856?searchText=africa+tattooing&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dafrica%2Btattooing%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A4dd9deefc6a806959792a7adfbfc48da&seq=4 |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume= |
Similarly in eastern [[Nigeria]], [[Igbo people|Igbo]] scarification denoted age, gender, and political authority. As permanent body marking decreased. women continued painting designs, known as [[Uli (design)|Uli]] on the walls of their houses, on pottery, and on their bodies as temporary decoration during coming of age ceremonies (S.Adm 2002; Cole & Aniorkor 1984, pp. 39-46; Willis 1989). {{Cite journal |last=Schildkrout |first=Enid |date=2004 |title=Inscribing the Body |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064856?searchText=africa+tattooing&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dafrica%2Btattooing%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A4dd9deefc6a806959792a7adfbfc48da&seq=4 |journal=Annual Review of Anthropology |volume=33 |pages=319–344 |doi=10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143947 |jstor=25064856 |via=JSTOR}} |
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The [[Abaali people|Bali people]] of [[Nigeria]] have a cultural practice of scarification; the practice produces scarified cultural motifs in the form of a mythical ancestral bird that bestows reincarnation.{{cite journal |last1=Garve |first1=Roland |display-authors=etal |title=Scarification in sub-Saharan Africa: social skin, remedy and medical import |journal=Tropical Medicine and International Health |date=June 2017 |volume=22 |issue=6 |page=710 |doi=10.1111/tmi.12878 |pmid=28380287 |s2cid=8164849 |doi-access=free }} |
The [[Abaali people|Bali people]] of [[Nigeria]] have a cultural practice of scarification; the practice produces scarified cultural motifs in the form of a mythical ancestral bird that bestows reincarnation.{{cite journal |last1=Garve |first1=Roland |display-authors=etal |title=Scarification in sub-Saharan Africa: social skin, remedy and medical import |journal=Tropical Medicine and International Health |date=June 2017 |volume=22 |issue=6 |page=710 |doi=10.1111/tmi.12878 |pmid=28380287 |s2cid=8164849 |doi-access=free }} |
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