Red Flag (magazine)

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The '''''Red Flag''''' ({{zh|s=红旗|p='''Hóngqí'''}}) was a [[Political journalism|journal]] on political theory, published by the [[Chinese Communist Party]].{{cite news|title=China to Furl Red Flag, Its Maoist Theoretical Journal|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-01-mn-3384-story.html|access-date=22 April 2016|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=1 May 1988|location=Beijing}} It was one of the [[Two Newspapers and One Journal]] during the 1960s and 1970s.{{cite book|author1=Cynthia Leung|author2=Jiening Ruan|year=2012

The '''''Red Flag''''' ({{lang-zh|s=红旗|p='''Hóngqí'''}}) was a [[Political journalism|journal]] on political theory, published by the [[Chinese Communist Party]].{{cite news|title=China to Furl Red Flag, Its Maoist Theoretical Journal|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-05-01-mn-3384-story.html|access-date=22 April 2016|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=1 May 1988|location=Beijing}} It was one of the [[Two Newspapers and One Journal]] during the 1960s and 1970s.{{cite book|author1=Cynthia Leung|author2=Jiening Ruan|year=2012

|title=Perspectives on Teaching and Learning Chinese Literacy in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFXyhc3uvksC&pg=PA52|isbn=978-94-007-4821-7|publisher=Springer Netherlands|page=52}}{{cite book|author1=Robert B. Kaplan|author2=Richard B. Baldauf

|title=Perspectives on Teaching and Learning Chinese Literacy in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZFXyhc3uvksC&pg=PA52|isbn=978-94-007-4821-7|publisher=Springer Netherlands|page=52}}{{cite book|author1=Robert B. Kaplan|author2=Richard B. Baldauf

|title=Language Planning and Policy in Asia: Japan, Nepal, Taiwan and Chinese characters|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-84769-095-1

|title=Language Planning and Policy in Asia: Japan, Nepal, Taiwan and Chinese characters|publisher=Multilingual Matters|isbn=978-1-84769-095-1

==History ==

==History ==

''Red Flag'' was started during the [[Great Leap Forward]] era in 1958.{{cite journal|author=Qin Shao|title=Waving the Red Flag: Cultural Memory and Grassroots Protest in Housing Disputes in Shanghai|journal=Modern Chinese Literature and Culture|date=Spring 2010|volume=22|issue=1|page=216|jstor=41491022}} The journal was the successor to another journal, ''Study'' (Chinese: ''Xuexi''). The title of ''Red Flag'' was given by [[Mao Zedong]]. [[Chen Boda]] was the editor of the journal, which served as a crucial media outlet during the [[Cultural Revolution - China|Cultural Revolution]].{{cite book|author=Kevin Latham|title=Pop Culture China!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle|isbn=978-1-85109-582-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FXgS93rYv4C&pg=PA153|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=153|location=Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO; Oxford}}

''Red Flag'' was started during the [[Great Leap Forward]] era in 1958.{{cite journal|author=Qin Shao|title=Waving the Red Flag: Cultural Memory and Grassroots Protest in Housing Disputes in Shanghai|journal=Modern Chinese Literature and Culture|date=Spring 2010|volume=22|issue=1|page=216|jstor=41491022}} The journal was the successor to another journal, ''Study'' (Chinese: ''Xuexi''). The title of ''Red Flag'' was given by [[Mao Zedong]]. [[Chen Boda]] was the editor of the journal, which served as a crucial media outlet during the [[Cultural Revolution - China|Cultural Revolution]].{{cite book|author=Kevin Latham|title=Pop Culture China!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle|isbn=978-1-85109-582-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-FXgS93rYv4C&pg=PA153|year=2007|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=153|location=Santa Barbara, CA; Denver, CO; Oxford}}

''Red Flag'' was freely distributed in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia until 1958 when the "undesired" foreign publications were banned through the Undesirable Publications Ordinance. As a result, its circulation became 3,000 copies in contrast to 5,000 copies before the implementation of the law.{{cite journal|author=Florence Mok|title=Disseminating and Containing Communist Propaganda to Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia through Hong Kong, the Cold War Pivot, 1949–1960|journal=[[The Historical Journal]]|volume=65|issue=5|year=2021| doi=10.1017/s0018246x21000790|page=1416|s2cid=245040808 }}

''Red Flag'' was freely distributed in Hong Kong and Southeast Asia until 1958 when the "undesired" foreign publications were banned through the Undesirable Publications Ordinance. As a result, its circulation became 3,000 copies in contrast to 5,000 copies before the implementation of the law.{{cite journal|author=Florence Mok|title=Disseminating and Containing Communist Propaganda to Overseas Chinese in Southeast Asia through Hong Kong, the Cold War Pivot, 1949–1960|journal=[[The Historical Journal]]|volume=65|issue=5|year=2021| doi=10.1017/s0018246x21000790|page=1416|s2cid=245040808 }}

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA86|date=February 1969|page=86|publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.}} Its frequency was redesigned as biweekly. Then it came out monthly until 1979.{{cite book

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WQcAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA86|date=February 1969|page=86|publisher=Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.}} Its frequency was redesigned as biweekly. Then it came out monthly until 1979.{{cite book

|author=Lawrence R. Sullivan|title=Historical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China|year=2007|page=420|isbn=978-0-8108-6443-6

|author=Lawrence R. Sullivan|title=Historical Dictionary of the People's Republic of China|year=2007|page=420|isbn=978-0-8108-6443-6

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA420|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, MD}} It was published bi-monthly from 1980 to 1988.

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UQKyAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA420|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Lanham, MD}} It was published bi-monthly from 1980 to 1988.

''Red Flag'' covered theoretical arguments supported by the party. It also published articles on the views of the party about the Communist parties in other countries. For instance, in March 1963 the speech of [[Palmiro Togliatti]], leader of the [[Italian Communist Party]], at the 10th Congress was discussed and evaluated in detail.{{cite journal|author=Carlotta Clivio|page=383|title=Neither for, nor against Mao: PCI-CCP interactions and the normalisation of Sino-Italian Relations, 1966–71|journal=[[Cold War History (journal)|Cold War History]]

''Red Flag'' covered theoretical arguments supported by the party. It also published articles on the views of the party about the Communist parties in other countries. For instance, in March 1963 the speech of [[Palmiro Togliatti]], leader of the [[Italian Communist Party]], at the 10th Congress was discussed and evaluated in detail.{{cite journal|author=Carlotta Clivio|page=383|title=Neither for, nor against Mao: PCI-CCP interactions and the normalisation of Sino-Italian Relations, 1966–71|journal=[[Cold War History (journal)|Cold War History]]

|year=2019|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1080/14682745.2018.1529758|s2cid=158702260|url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/100039/}}

|year=2019|volume=19|issue=3|doi=10.1080/14682745.2018.1529758|s2cid=158702260|url=https://researchonline.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/100039/}}

In March 1966, the journal established an Academic Criticism Group, comprising {{ill|Guan Feng|zh|关锋}}, [[Wang Li (politician)|Wang Li]], {{ill|Mu Xin (politician)|lt=Mu Xin|zh|穆欣}}, [[Qi Benyu]], {{ill|Fan Ruoyu|zh|范若愚}}, and {{ill|Du Jing|zh|杜敬}} (Fan Ruoyu and Du Jing were subsequently suspended), resulting in the de facto dissolution of the editorial committee. On June 18, 1966, [[Chen Boda]] arrived to Red Flag to "expose" the publication and suspended Fan Ruoyu and {{ill|Xu Liqun|zh|许立群 (1917年)}} from their positions. On June 20, 1966, the Cultural Revolution Group of Red Flag Magazine, led by Guan Feng, was formed to oversee the editorial operations of ''Red Flag'' and the publicity of Cultural Revolution.{{cite book | title=二十世纪中国思想史 | publisher=山东人民出版社 | issue=v. 2 | year=2002 | isbn=978-7-209-03037-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOwZAQAAMAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-12-31 | page=896}}

In March 1966, the journal established an Academic Criticism Group, comprising {{ill|Guan Feng|zh|关锋}}, [[Wang Li (politician)|Wang Li]], {{ill|Mu Xin (politician)|lt=Mu Xin|zh|穆欣}}, [[Qi Benyu]], {{ill|Fan Ruoyu|zh|范若愚}}, and {{ill|Du Jing|zh|杜敬}} (Fan Ruoyu and Du Jing were subsequently suspended), resulting in the de facto dissolution of the editorial committee. On June 18, 1966, [[Chen Boda]] arrived to Red Flag to "expose" the publication and suspended Fan Ruoyu and {{ill|Xu Liqun|zh|许立群 (1917年)}} from their positions. On June 20, 1966, the Cultural Revolution Group of Red Flag Magazine, led by Guan Feng, was formed to oversee the editorial operations of ''Red Flag'' and the publicity of Cultural Revolution.{{cite book | title=二十世纪中国思想史 | publisher=山东人民出版社 | issue=v. 2 | year=2002 | isbn=978-7-209-03037-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JOwZAQAAMAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-12-31 | page=896}}

In August 1968, Yao Wenyuan and Chen Boda jointly oversaw Red Flag Magazine, with Yao responsible for the editorial tasks. In August 1968, the provisional leadership of Red Flag Magazine was dissolved, and the Red Flag Magazine Service Group was established. In October 1968, the Workers' Propaganda Team and the Military Propaganda Team were assigned to Red Flag Magazine. In June 1969, the majority of Red Flag Magazine's staff had been transferred to the [[May Seventh Cadre School|May 7th Cadre School]], retaining only 12 personnel responsible for editorial duties. In September 1970, Chen Boda was removed from his position, and Yao Wenyuan assumed control of Red Flag, subsequently forming an editorial team to oversee the publication's editorial tasks.{{cite book | title=中国新闻传播学说史, 1949-2005 | publisher=重庆出版社 | year=2006 | isbn=978-7-5366-7738-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymN9AAAAIAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-12-31 | page=46}}

In August 1968, Yao Wenyuan and Chen Boda jointly oversaw Red Flag Magazine, with Yao responsible for the editorial tasks. In August 1968, the provisional leadership of Red Flag Magazine was dissolved, and the Red Flag Magazine Service Group was established. In October 1968, the Workers' Propaganda Team and the Military Propaganda Team were assigned to Red Flag Magazine. In June 1969, the majority of Red Flag Magazine's staff had been transferred to the [[May Seventh Cadre School|May 7th Cadre School]], retaining only 12 personnel responsible for editorial duties. In September 1970, Chen Boda was removed from his position, and Yao Wenyuan assumed control of Red Flag, subsequently forming an editorial team to oversee the publication's editorial tasks.{{cite book | title=中国新闻传播学说史, 1949-2005 | publisher=重庆出版社 | year=2006 | isbn=978-7-5366-7738-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymN9AAAAIAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-12-31 | page=46}}

In 1976, the [[Gang of Four]], including Yao Wenyuan, was apprehended, marking the conclusion of the Cultural Revolution, and the magazine was restructured, with {{ill|Wang Shu|zh|王殊}} appointed as chief editor and [[Liu Zongzhuo]] as vice-chief editor.{{cite book | author=中国共产党. 中央组织部 | author2=中共中央党史硏究室 | author3=中央档案馆 | title=中国共产党组织史资料: 第6卷. "文化大革命"时期, 1966.5-1976.10 | publisher=中共党史出版社 | year=2000 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eatWAAAAIAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-12-31 | page=}}{{cite book | title=1976-1981年的中国 | publisher=中央文献出版社 | year=1998 | isbn=978-7-5073-0505-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oglqAAAAIAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-12-31 | page=18}}

In 1976, the [[Gang of Four]], including Yao Wenyuan, was apprehended, marking the conclusion of the Cultural Revolution, and the magazine was restructured, with {{ill|Wang Shu|zh|王殊}} appointed as chief editor and [[Liu Zongzhuo]] as vice-chief editor.{{cite book | author=中国共产党. 中央组织部 | author2=中共中央党史硏究室 | author3=中央档案馆 | title=中国共产党组织史资料: 第6卷. "文化大革命"时期, 1966.5-1976.10 | publisher=[[Chinese Communist Party History Press]] | year=2000 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eatWAAAAIAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-12-31 | page=}}{{cite book | title=1976-1981年的中国 | publisher=[[Central Literature Publishing House]] | year=1998 | isbn=978-7-5073-0505-0 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oglqAAAAIAAJ | language=zh | access-date=2024-12-31 | page=18}}

Chinese officials announced in May 1988 that the journal would be closed.{{cite book|author=Roderick MacFarquhar|year=1997|title=The Politics of China: The Eras of Mao and Deng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yrkpx6iKq48C&pg=PA414|page=414|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-58863-8|location=Cambridge}} Finally, it ceased publication in June 1988, and was succeeded by ''[[Qiushi]]'' ({{lang-zh|Seeking Truth}}).

Chinese officials announced in May 1988 that the journal would be closed.{{cite book|author=Roderick MacFarquhar|year=1997|title=The Politics of China: The Eras of Mao and Deng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yrkpx6iKq48C&pg=PA414|page=414|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|isbn=978-0-521-58863-8|location=Cambridge}} Finally, it ceased publication in June 1988, and was succeeded by ''[[Qiushi]]'' ({{lang-zh|Seeking Truth}}).

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[[Category:1958 establishments in China]]

[[Category:1958 establishments in China]]