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Most private-label store brand products are manufactured by [[Third-party source|third parties]], but companies owned by the retailer make some.[{{Harvp|Fitzell|1982|p=10}}: "The label owner may manufacture his own private label products or have them manufactured and packaged to certain specifications by outside sources, including imports."] For instance, a vice president of [[The Kroger Company]] stated in 2018 that approximately 60% of their private-label products are [[Outsourcing|outsourced]]. The remaining 40% is manufactured internally: in 2018, Kroger [[Kroger#Manufacturing plants|owned 38 plants]], including 19 dairy farms, 10 bakeries, and 2 butcheries, strategically spread across the US.[{{Cite web | first=Lawrence | last=Aylward | title=Crowning Kroger | url=https://storebrands.com/crowning-kroger | website=Store Brands | date=23 February 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211009112959/https://storebrands.com/crowning-kroger | archive-date=9 October 2021 | url-status=live}}] Similarly, [[Safeway Inc.]] owned 32 plants as of 2012.[{{Cite web | first=Kathie | last=Canning | title=Is Self-Manufacturing Right For You? | url=https://storebrands.com/self-manufacturing-right-you | website=Store Brands | date=4 January 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503190359/https://storebrands.com/self-manufacturing-right-you | archive-date=3 May 2022 | url-status=live}}] Most retailers prefer to keep the identity of their suppliers private, and accordingly have [[non-disclosure clause]]s in their contracts, making it difficult to determine the producer of a private-label product.[{{Cite web | first=Sophie | last=Hirsh | title=How Trader Joe's, Whole Foods, and Kroger Make Their Store-Brand Products | url=https://www.greenmatters.com/p/who-makes-store-brand-products | website=Green Matters | date=4 January 2022 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220407184222/https://www.greenmatters.com/p/who-makes-store-brand-products | archive-date=7 April 2022 | url-status=live}}][{{Cite web | first=Vince | last=Dixon | title=What Brands Are Actually Behind Trader Joe's Snacks? | url=https://www.eater.com/2017/8/9/16099028/trader-joes-products | website=[[Eater (website)|Eater]] | date=9 August 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220411065156/https://www.eater.com/2017/8/9/16099028/trader-joes-products | archive-date=11 April 2022 | url-status=live}}] In a few cases though, the manufacturer is allowed to mention it publicly,[{{Cite web | first=Stefanie | last=Tuder | title=How La Boulangerie Bounced Back and Into Trader Joe's and Costco | url=https://sf.eater.com/2016/10/28/13407940/la-boulangerie-factory-product-san-francisco | website=Eater | date=28 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331033143/https://sf.eater.com/2016/10/28/13407940/la-boulangerie-factory-product-san-francisco | archive-date=31 March 2021 | url-status=live}}] is revealed through a [[product recall]], or in rare instances, is stated on the product itself. For example, the bags of [[Kirkland Signature]] coffee by [[Costco]] feature the text "Custom roasted by [[Starbucks]]".[{{Cite web | first=Serah | last=Louis | title=These are the big brands hidden behind Costco's Kirkland label | url=https://moneywise.com/life/lifestyle/the-big-brands-behind-costcos-kirkland-signature-items | website=MoneyWise | date=23 December 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220412015231/https://moneywise.com/life/lifestyle/the-big-brands-behind-costcos-kirkland-signature-items | archive-date=12 April 2022 | url-status=live}}][{{Cite web | first=Laura | last=Willcox | title=The Untold Truth Of Costco's Kirkland Brand | url=https://www.mashed.com/738166/the-untold-truth-of-costcos-kirkland-brand/ | website=Mashed | publisher=[[Static Media]] | date=22 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319175942/https://www.mashed.com/738166/the-untold-truth-of-costcos-kirkland-brand/ | archive-date=19 March 2022 | url-status=live}}] |
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Most private-label store brand products are manufactured by [[Third-party source|third parties]], but companies owned by the retailer make some.[{{Harvp|Fitzell|1982|p=10}}: "The label owner may manufacture his own private label products or have them manufactured and packaged to certain specifications by outside sources, including imports."] For instance, a vice president of [[The Kroger Company]] stated in 2018 that approximately 60% of their private-label products are [[Outsourcing|outsourced]]. The remaining 40% is manufactured internally: in 2018, Kroger [[Kroger#Manufacturing plants|owned 38 plants]], including 19 dairy farms, 10 bakeries, and 2 butcheries, strategically spread across the US.[{{Cite web | first=Lawrence | last=Aylward | title=Crowning Kroger | url=https://storebrands.com/crowning-kroger | website=Store Brands | date=23 February 2018 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20211009112959/https://storebrands.com/crowning-kroger | archive-date=9 October 2021 | url-status=live}}] Similarly, [[Safeway Inc.]] owned 32 plants as of 2012.[{{Cite web | first=Kathie | last=Canning | title=Is Self-Manufacturing Right For You? | url=https://storebrands.com/self-manufacturing-right-you | website=Store Brands | date=4 January 2012 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220503190359/https://storebrands.com/self-manufacturing-right-you | archive-date=3 May 2022 | url-status=live}}] Most retailers prefer to keep the identity of their suppliers private, and accordingly have [[non-disclosure clause]]s in their contracts, making it difficult to determine the producer of a private-label product.[{{Cite web | first=Sophie | last=Hirsh | title=How Trader Joe's, Whole Foods, and Kroger Make Their Store-Brand Products | url=https://www.greenmatters.com/p/who-makes-store-brand-products | website=Green Matters | date=4 January 2022 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220407184222/https://www.greenmatters.com/p/who-makes-store-brand-products | archive-date=7 April 2022 | url-status=live}}][{{Cite web | first=Vince | last=Dixon | title=What Brands Are Actually Behind Trader Joe's Snacks? | url=https://www.eater.com/2017/8/9/16099028/trader-joes-products | website=[[Eater (website)|Eater]] | date=9 August 2017 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220411065156/https://www.eater.com/2017/8/9/16099028/trader-joes-products | archive-date=11 April 2022 | url-status=live}}] In a few cases though, the manufacturer is allowed to mention it publicly,[{{Cite web | first=Stefanie | last=Tuder | title=How La Boulangerie Bounced Back and Into Trader Joe's and Costco | url=https://sf.eater.com/2016/10/28/13407940/la-boulangerie-factory-product-san-francisco | website=Eater | date=28 October 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331033143/https://sf.eater.com/2016/10/28/13407940/la-boulangerie-factory-product-san-francisco | archive-date=31 March 2021 | url-status=live}}] is revealed through a [[product recall]], or in rare instances, is stated on the product itself. For example, the bags of [[Kirkland Signature]] coffee by [[Costco]] feature the text "Custom roasted by [[Starbucks]]".[{{Cite web | first=Serah | last=Louis | title=These are the big brands hidden behind Costco's Kirkland label | url=https://moneywise.com/life/lifestyle/the-big-brands-behind-costcos-kirkland-signature-items | website=MoneyWise | date=23 December 2021 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20220412015231/https://moneywise.com/life/lifestyle/the-big-brands-behind-costcos-kirkland-signature-items | archive-date=12 April 2022 | url-status=live}}][{{Cite web | first=Laura | last=Willcox | title=The Untold Truth Of Costco's Kirkland Brand | url=https://www.mashed.com/738166/the-untold-truth-of-costcos-kirkland-brand/ | website=Mashed | publisher=[[Static Media]] | date=22 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319175942/https://www.mashed.com/738166/the-untold-truth-of-costcos-kirkland-brand/ | archive-date=19 March 2022 | url-status=live}}] |
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A private-label brand is often produced by the same company that manufactures the national brand of that product.[{{Cite web | author=Laurin | title=Generic vs Name Brand Foods - Is there really a difference? | url=https://thedinnerdaily.com/generic-vs-name-brand-foods-is-there-really-a-difference/ | website=The Dinner Daily | date=23 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124220746/https://thedinnerdaily.com/generic-vs-name-brand-foods-is-there-really-a-difference/ | archive-date=24 November 2021 | url-status=live | quote=Another interesting piece of information: generics are often made by that national brand, in the same plant, from the same farm, the same dairy etc, but just packaged in a less flashy way.}}] Different brands target different consumers. For instance, [[Kimberly-Clark]] makes [[Huggies]] diapers, but also produces a Walmart budget version.[{{Cite news | first=Ellen | last=Byron | title=101 Brand Names, 1 Manufacturer | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117867462888496739 | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=9 May 2007 | volume=CCXLIX | issue=108 | page=B1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403064933/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117867462888496739 | archive-date=3 April 2015 | url-status=dead}}] Allegedly, some store-brand items are identical to their name-brand counterparts: they are said to be literally the same product, except for the packaging and price.[{{Harvp|Dixon|2017}}: Sometimes suppliers have multiple formulas for ]one product; they might produce a private-label version using one formula and the brand label with another. In 2007, [[2007 pet food recalls|a mass-recall of contaminated pet food products]] brought to light that more than 100 different brands of pet food, both premium- and private-label, were in fact produced by a single company: [[Menu Foods|Menu Foods Inc.]] in Ontario, Canada. The ingredients and recipes they used differed substantially among brands, depending on what their clients specified. |
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A private-label brand is often produced by the same company that manufactures the national brand of the product.[{{Cite web | author=Laurin | title=Generic vs Name Brand Foods - Is there really a difference? | url=https://thedinnerdaily.com/generic-vs-name-brand-foods-is-there-really-a-difference/ | website=The Dinner Daily | date=23 April 2015 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124220746/https://thedinnerdaily.com/generic-vs-name-brand-foods-is-there-really-a-difference/ | archive-date=24 November 2021 | url-status=live | quote=Another interesting piece of information: generics are often made by that national brand, in the same plant, from the same farm, the same dairy etc, but just packaged in a less flashy way.}}] Different brands target different consumers. For instance, [[Kimberly-Clark]] makes [[Huggies]] diapers, but also produces a Walmart budget version.[{{Cite news | first=Ellen | last=Byron | title=101 Brand Names, 1 Manufacturer | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117867462888496739 | work=The Wall Street Journal | date=9 May 2007 | volume=CCXLIX | issue=108 | page=B1 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403064933/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB117867462888496739 | archive-date=3 April 2015 | url-status=dead}}] Allegedly, some store-brand items are identical to their name-brand counterparts: they are said to be literally the same product, except for the packaging and price.[{{Harvp|Dixon|2017}}: Sometimes suppliers have multiple formulas for a single product; they may produce a private-label version using one formula and a brand-label version using another.] In 2007, [[2007 pet food recalls|a mass-recall of contaminated pet food products]] brought to light that more than 100 different brands of pet food, both premium- and private-label, were in fact produced by a single company: [[Menu Foods|Menu Foods Inc.]] in Ontario, Canada. The ingredients and recipes they used differed substantially among brands, depending on what their clients specified. |
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===History=== |
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===History=== |
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A ''private-label credit card'' (PLCC) is a type of credit card that can only be used at a specific company or chain of companies. Since this is virtually always a retail business, they are also called ''store cards''.[{{Cite web | first=Julia | last=Kagan | title=Guide to Store Credit Cards | url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/private-label-credit.asp | website=Investopedia | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426045203/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/private-label-credit.asp | archive-date=26 April 2022 | url-status=live}}][{{Cite web | first1=Lee | last1=Huffman | first2=Dia | last2=Adams | title=What's The Difference Between A Store Card And A Credit Card? | url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/credit-cards/whats-the-difference-between-a-store-card-and-a-credit-card/ | website=Forbes | date=3 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510050439/https://www.forbes.com/advisor/credit-cards/whats-the-difference-between-a-store-card-and-a-credit-card/ | archive-date=10 May 2021 | url-status=live}}] The retailer partners with a bank that issues the cards, funds the credit, and collects payments from customers. The cards themselves are branded with the logo of the store, but not the bank.[{{Cite web | first=Latoya | last=Irby | title=What Is a Private Label Credit Card? | url=https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-a-private-label-credit-card-5188474 | website=[[The Balance (website)|The Balance]] | date=9 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316195900/https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-a-private-label-credit-card-5188474 | archive-date=16 March 2022 | url-status=live}}] Examples are the [[Target Corporation|Target]] Circle Card (formerly Target RedCard) (issued by [[TD Bank, N.A.]]),[{{Cite web | title=Target REDcard | url=https://money.usnews.com/credit-cards/td-bank/target-redcard | website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207141514/https://money.usnews.com/credit-cards/td-bank/target-redcard | archive-date=7 February 2022 | url-status=live}}] the [[Walmart]] Reward Card (issued by [[Capital One]]),[{{Cite web | first=Holly D. | last=Johnson | title=Walmart Rewards Card Review | url= https://www.thebalance.com/walmart-credit-card-review-4768192 | website=The Balance | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416144239/https://www.thebalance.com/walmart-credit-card-review-4768192 | archive-date=16 April 2021 | url-status=live}}] and the [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] Store Card (issued by [[Synchrony Bank]]).[{{Cite web | first=Brendan | last=Harkness | title=Review of the Amazon.com Store Card | url=https://www.creditcardinsider.com/reviews/amazon-com-store-card-review/ | website=Credit Card Insider | date=6 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926090439/https://www.creditcardinsider.com/reviews/amazon-com-store-card-review/ | archive-date=26 September 2020 | url-status=dead}}] PLCCs also do not carry the logo of the [[payment network]] (e.g. [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] or [[Mastercard]]), but they do use that network for transactions. |
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A ''private-label credit card'' (PLCC) is a type of credit card that can only be used at a specific company or chain of companies. Since this is virtually always a retail business, they are also called ''store cards''.[{{Cite web | first=Julia | last=Kagan | title=Guide to Store Credit Cards | url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/private-label-credit.asp | website=Investopedia | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426045203/https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/private-label-credit.asp | archive-date=26 April 2022 | url-status=live}}][{{Cite web | first1=Lee | last1=Huffman | first2=Dia | last2=Adams | title=What's The Difference Between A Store Card And A Credit Card? | url=https://www.forbes.com/advisor/credit-cards/whats-the-difference-between-a-store-card-and-a-credit-card/ | website=Forbes | date=3 January 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510050439/https://www.forbes.com/advisor/credit-cards/whats-the-difference-between-a-store-card-and-a-credit-card/ | archive-date=10 May 2021 | url-status=live}}] The retailer partners with a bank that issues the cards, funds the credit, and collects payments from customers. The cards themselves are branded with the logo of the store, but not the bank.[{{Cite web | first=Latoya | last=Irby | title=What Is a Private Label Credit Card? | url=https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-a-private-label-credit-card-5188474 | website=[[The Balance (website)|The Balance]] | date=9 June 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220316195900/https://www.thebalance.com/what-is-a-private-label-credit-card-5188474 | archive-date=16 March 2022 | url-status=live}}] Examples are the [[Target Corporation|Target]] Circle Card (formerly Target RedCard) (issued by [[TD Bank, N.A.]]),[{{Cite web | title=Target REDcard | url=https://money.usnews.com/credit-cards/td-bank/target-redcard | website=[[U.S. News & World Report]] | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207141514/https://money.usnews.com/credit-cards/td-bank/target-redcard | archive-date=7 February 2022 | url-status=live}}] the [[Walmart]] Reward Card (issued by [[Capital One]]),[{{Cite web | first=Holly D. | last=Johnson | title=Walmart Rewards Card Review | url= https://www.thebalance.com/walmart-credit-card-review-4768192 | website=The Balance | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416144239/https://www.thebalance.com/walmart-credit-card-review-4768192 | archive-date=16 April 2021 | url-status=live}}] and the [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]] Store Card (issued by [[Synchrony Bank]]).[{{Cite web | first=Brendan | last=Harkness | title=Review of the Amazon.com Store Card | url=https://www.creditcardinsider.com/reviews/amazon-com-store-card-review/ | website=Credit Card Insider | date=6 January 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926090439/https://www.creditcardinsider.com/reviews/amazon-com-store-card-review/ | archive-date=26 September 2020 | url-status=dead}}] PLCCs also do not carry the logo of the [[payment network]] (e.g. [[Visa Inc.|Visa]] or [[Mastercard]]), but they do use that network for transactions. |
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Private-label store credit cards are sometimes compared to but not the same as co-branded credit cards. These cards usually feature the payment network logo, and sometimes the bank's logo.[{{Cite web | author=kyle | title=Private Label vs Co Branded Credit Cards: What Is The Difference? | url=https://viatravelers.com/private-label-vs-co-branded-credit-cards/ | website=Via Travelers | date=25 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303142636/https://viatravelers.com/private-label-vs-co-branded-credit-cards/ | archive-date=3 March 2022 | url-status=live}}] Unlike PLCCs, co-branded cards work like 'normal' credit cards, usable at any place where that type of card is accepted.[{{Cite web | first=Elizabeth | last=Gravier | title=How co-branded credit cards work and the 5 most unique ones we found | url=https://www.cnbc.com/select/co-branded-credit-cards/ | website=[[CNBC]] | date=2 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604013243/https://www.cnbc.com/select/co-branded-credit-cards/ | archive-date=4 June 2020 | url-status=live | quote=Like a store card or a loyalty card, using a co-branded card lets you access discounts and special deals. However, since the card is backed by a major issuer and/or network, you can use it anywhere that type of card is accepted.}}] For instance, warehouse chain [[Nordstrom]] offers a Nordstrom Store Card (private label) and a Nordstrom Credit Card (co-branded), both issued by [[TD Bank, N.A.]] and using Visa's network. |
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Private-label store credit cards are sometimes compared to, but are not the same as, co-branded credit cards. These cards usually feature the payment network logo, and sometimes the bank's logo.[{{Cite web | author=kyle | title=Private Label vs Co Branded Credit Cards: What Is The Difference? | url=https://viatravelers.com/private-label-vs-co-branded-credit-cards/ | website=Via Travelers | date=25 February 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303142636/https://viatravelers.com/private-label-vs-co-branded-credit-cards/ | archive-date=3 March 2022 | url-status=live}}] Unlike PLCCs, co-branded cards work like 'normal' credit cards, usable at any place where that type of card is accepted.[{{Cite web | first=Elizabeth | last=Gravier | title=How co-branded credit cards work and the 5 most unique ones we found | url=https://www.cnbc.com/select/co-branded-credit-cards/ | website=[[CNBC]] | date=2 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604013243/https://www.cnbc.com/select/co-branded-credit-cards/ | archive-date=4 June 2020 | url-status=live | quote=Like a store card or a loyalty card, using a co-branded card lets you access discounts and special deals. However, since the card is backed by a major issuer and/or network, you can use it anywhere that type of card is accepted.}}] For instance, warehouse chain [[Nordstrom]] offers a Nordstrom Store Card (private label) and a Nordstrom Credit Card (co-branded), both issued by [[TD Bank, N.A.]] and using Visa's network. |
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==See also== |
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==See also== |
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