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{{Short description|Species of starfish}} |
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{{Short description|Species of starfish}} |
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{{Speciesbox |
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{{Speciesbox |
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| name = Bat star[{{ITIS |id=157122 |taxon=''Patiria miniata'' |accessdate=29 November 2009}}] |
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| name = Bat star[{{ITIS |id=157122 |taxon=''Patiria miniata'' |accessdate=29 November 2009}}] |
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| image = Bat star (Asterina miniata) and purple urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus).jpg |
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| image = Bat star (Asterina miniata) and purple urchins (Strongylocentrotus purpuratus).jpg |
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| image_alt = Bat star and purple sea urchin |
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| image_alt = Bat star and purple sea urchin |
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| image_caption = A bat star and a [[Strongylocentrotus purpuratus|purple sea urchin]] (''Strongylocentrotus purpuratus'') |
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| image_caption = A bat star and a [[Strongylocentrotus purpuratus|purple sea urchin]] (''Strongylocentrotus purpuratus'') |
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| genus = Patiria |
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| genus = Patiria |
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| species = miniata |
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| species = miniata |
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| authority = ([[Johann Friedrich von Brandt|Brandt]], 1835) |
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| authority = ([[Johann Friedrich von Brandt|Brandt]], 1835) |
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'''''Patiria miniata''''', the '''bat star''', '''sea bat''', '''webbed star''', or '''broad-disk star''', is a species of [[sea star]] (also called a starfish) in the family [[Asterinidae]]. It typically has five arms, with the center disk of the animal being much wider than the stubby arms are in length.[{{cite web |last=Cowles |first=Dave |url=http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Echinodermata/Class%20Asteroidea/Asterina_miniata.html |title=''Asterina miniata'' |publisher=Walla Walla University |accessdate=22 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523053640/http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Echinodermata/Class%20Asteroidea/Asterina_miniata.html |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}] Although the bat star usually has five arms, it sometimes has as many as nine. orange, yellow and brown, either mottled or solid.[{{cite web|url=http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/AnimalDetails.aspx?id=780008 |title=Bat star, Kelp Forest, Invertebrates, ''Asterina miniata'' |publisher= Monterey Bay Aquarium|accessdate=22 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718024917/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/AnimalDetails.aspx?id=780008 |archivedate=18 July 2011 }}] The bat star gets its name from the webbing between its arms, which is said to resemble a [[bat]]'s wings.[{{cite web |url=http://northislandexplorer.com/echinoderms/batstar.htm |title=Bat Star: ''Asterina miniata'' |publisher=North Island Explorer |accessdate=22 November 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091121025049/http://northislandexplorer.com/echinoderms/batstar.htm| archivedate= 21 November 2009 | url-status= live}}] |
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'''''Patiria miniata''''', the '''bat star''', '''sea bat''', '''webbed star''', or '''broad-disk star''', is a species of [[sea star]] (also called a starfish) in the family [[Asterinidae]]. It typically has five arms, with the center disk of the animal being much wider than the stubby arms are in length.[{{cite web |last=Cowles |first=Dave |url=http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Echinodermata/Class%20Asteroidea/Asterina_miniata.html |title=''Asterina miniata'' |publisher=Walla Walla University |accessdate=22 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523053640/http://www.wallawalla.edu/academics/departments/biology/rosario/inverts/Echinodermata/Class%20Asteroidea/Asterina_miniata.html |archive-date=23 May 2010 |url-status=dead }}] Although the bat star usually has five arms, it sometimes has as many as nine.[ /> Bat stars occur in many colors, including green, purple, red, orange, yellow and brown, either mottled or solid.][{{cite web|url=http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/AnimalDetails.aspx?id=780008 |title=Bat star, Kelp Forest, Invertebrates, ''Asterina miniata'' |publisher= Monterey Bay Aquarium|accessdate=22 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718024917/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/AnimalDetails.aspx?id=780008 |archivedate=18 July 2011 }}] The bat star gets its name from the webbing between its arms, which is said to resemble a [[bat]]'s wings.[{{cite web |url=http://northislandexplorer.com/echinoderms/batstar.htm |title=Bat Star: ''Asterina miniata'' |publisher=North Island Explorer |accessdate=22 November 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091121025049/http://northislandexplorer.com/echinoderms/batstar.htm| archivedate= 21 November 2009 | url-status= live}}] |
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The bat star is usually found in the [[intertidal zone]] to a depth of {{convert|300|m}}. Its range extends from [[Sitka, Alaska|Sitka]], Alaska to [[Baja California]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]].Kelp forest|kelp forests]] due the consistent food source it provides.[{{Cite web |title=Bat Star|url=https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/animals-a-to-z/bat-star |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Monterey Bay Aquarium}}] |
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The bat star is usually found in the [[intertidal zone]] to a depth of {{convert|300|m}}. Its range extends from [[Sitka, Alaska|Sitka]], Alaska to [[Baja California]] in the [[Pacific Ocean]].[ /> It is most abundant along the [[Central Coast (California)|Central Coast]] of California,][ /> usually residing in [[kelp forest]]s due the consistent food source it provides.][{{Cite web |title=Bat Star|url=https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/animals-a-to-z/bat-star |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Monterey Bay Aquarium}}] |
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==Classification== |
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==Classification== |
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==Anatomy== |
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==Anatomy== |
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Bat stars can be many different types of colors. The bat star breathes through [[gill]]-like structures on its back that perform as respirators. It lacks the pincers or [[pedicellariae]] that most starfish use to clean the skin surface of debris, but its small, moving hairs or [[cilia]] may create enough of a water current to keep the surface of its skin clean.[{{cite web|url=http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/A/Asterina_miniata/ |title=''Asterina miniata'' (Broad-Disk Star) |publisher=zipcodezoo.com |accessdate=22 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614125029/http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/A/Asterina_miniata/ |archivedate=14 June 2012 }}] Bat star also have an endoskeleton that is made up of vesicles that are under the star's tissues. that can detect light and note prey. To eat its prey, it covers the prey with its stomach and oozes [[digestive juice]]s over it; this liquefies the food, enabling the bat star to ingest it.[{{cite web |url=http://biology.fullerton.edu/biol317/Murray/Fall97/sea_stars.html |title=sea stars |publisher=biology.fullerton.edu |accessdate=26 November 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091123090622/http://biology.fullerton.edu/biol317/Murray/Fall97/sea_stars.html| archivedate= 23 November 2009 | url-status= live}}] |
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Bat stars can be many different types of colors. The bat star breathes through [[gill]]-like structures on its back that perform as respirators. It lacks the pincers or [[pedicellariae]] that most starfish use to clean the skin surface of debris, but its small, moving hairs or [[cilia]] may create enough of a water current to keep the surface of its skin clean.[{{cite web|url=http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/A/Asterina_miniata/ |title=''Asterina miniata'' (Broad-Disk Star) |publisher=zipcodezoo.com |accessdate=22 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614125029/http://zipcodezoo.com/Animals/A/Asterina_miniata/ |archivedate=14 June 2012 }}] Bat star also have an endoskeleton that is made up of vesicles that are under the star's tissues.[ /> It is [[omnivorous]], eating both plants and animals alive or dead.][{{cite web |url=http://biology.fullerton.edu/biol317/Murray/Fall97/sea_stars.html |title=sea stars |publisher=biology.fullerton.edu |accessdate=26 November 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091123090622/http://biology.fullerton.edu/biol317/Murray/Fall97/sea_stars.html| archivedate= 23 November 2009 | url-status= live}}] |
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Instead of a circulatory system since bat stars are echinoderms they have a [[water vascular system]]. This type of system allows them to be able to use their tube as well as move their food and waste. They also use the water vascular system as a part of their respiratory system. They pull water in using their [[madreporite]] (located on the top side of their body) and move it through their body using canals and muscular storage sacs. |
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Instead of a circulatory system since bat stars are echinoderms they have a [[water vascular system]]. This type of system allows them to be able to use their tube as well as move their food and waste. They also use the water vascular system as a part of their respiratory system. They pull water in using their [[madreporite]] (located on the top side of their body) and move it through their body using canals and muscular storage sacs. |
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==Reproduction== |
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==Reproduction== |
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[[File:3D projection of a Patiria miniata bipinnaria.jpg|left|thumb|Bat star bipinnaria at fourth day of development Photographed using confocal microscopy. Histones are labeled in blue, actin filaments in orange.]] |
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[[File:3D projection of a Patiria miniata bipinnaria.jpg|left|thumb|Bat star bipinnaria at fourth day of development Photographed using confocal microscopy. Histones are labeled in blue, actin filaments in orange.]] |
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The bat stars reproduce through [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]]. The male casts sperm and the female drops eggs; each has pores at the base of the rays for this purpose. The sperm and egg unite at sea and are carried away by ocean currents. |
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The bat stars reproduce through [[Spawn (biology)|spawning]]. The male casts sperm and the female drops eggs; each has pores at the base of the rays for this purpose. The sperm and egg unite at sea and are carried away by ocean currents.[ />] |
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==Behavior== |
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==Behavior== |
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Bat stars may gently "fight" with each other if they meet. Fighting behavior consists of pushing and laying an arm over the other. |
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Bat stars may gently "fight" with each other if they meet. Fighting behavior consists of pushing and laying an arm over the other.[ />][ />] |
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Bat stars are important as [[detritivore]]s and [[scavenger]]s, collecting [[algae]] and dead animals from the ocean floor.Sea urchin|sea urchins]]. [[Bryozoa|Bryozoans]] are an incidental food source for the bat stars, and the bat stars have been observed to favour ''[[Tubulipora]]'' species in southern California. |
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Bat stars are important as [[detritivore]]s and [[scavenger]]s, collecting [[algae]] and dead animals from the ocean floor.[ /> Their primary food source is algae, including [[seaweed]] and drifting algae, but they may also steal algae from [[sea urchin]]s. [[Bryozoa]]ns are an incidental food source for the bat stars, and the bat stars have been observed to favour ''[[Tubulipora]]'' species in southern California.] |
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Due to their diets of algae and dead animals bat stars are important contributors to keeping the ocean floor more clear and clean.[{{Cite web |title=Bat Star |url=https://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/bat_star |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Aquarium of the Pacific |language=en}}] Another symbiotic relationship bat stars have is with the [[Polychaete|polychaete worms]] (Ophiodromus pugettensis) that live in their arm groves on their mouth side. The worms live on the leftover bits of food that the stars feed on, this allows for as many as 20 worms to live on the bat star at one time. |
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Due to their diets of algae and dead animals bat stars are important contributors to keeping the ocean floor more clear and clean.[{{Cite web |title=Bat Star |url=https://www.aquariumofpacific.org/onlinelearningcenter/species/bat_star |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Aquarium of the Pacific |language=en}}] Another symbiotic relationship bat stars have is with the [[Polychaete|polychaete worms]] (Ophiodromus pugettensis) that live in their arm groves on their mouth side. The worms live on the leftover bits of food that the stars feed on, this allows for as many as 20 worms to live on the bat star at one time. |
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Juvenile bat stars live under rocks and boulders, while adults live out in the open. The largest adults can grow up to {{Convert|20|cm|in}} in diameter.[{{Cite journal |last1=Day |first1=R. W. |last2=Osman |first2=R. W. |date=1981 |title=Predation by Patiria miniata (Asteroidea) on bryozoans: Prey diversity may depend on the mechanism of succession |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00540898 |journal=Oecologia |language=en |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=300–309 |doi=10.1007/BF00540898 |pmid=28310012 |bibcode=1981Oecol..51..300D |issn=0029-8549|url-access=subscription }}] |
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Juvenile bat stars live under rocks and boulders, while adults live out in the open. The largest adults can grow up to {{Convert|20|cm|in}} in diameter.[{{Cite journal |last1=Day |first1=R. W. |last2=Osman |first2=R. W. |date=1981 |title=Predation by Patiria miniata (Asteroidea) on bryozoans: Prey diversity may depend on the mechanism of succession |url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF00540898 |journal=Oecologia |language=en |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=300–309 |doi=10.1007/BF00540898 |pmid=28310012 |bibcode=1981Oecol..51..300D |issn=0029-8549|url-access=subscription }}] |
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== Conservation == |
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==Conservation== |
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While bat stars are currently not evaluated on the [[IUCN Red List]] they still face threats to their population.[{{Cite web |title=Bat Star |url=https://www.georgiaaquarium.org/animal/bat-star/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Georgia Aquarium |language=en-US}}] Some of the threats the bat star population faces include the warming temperatures of the ocean caused by climate change. Warming temperature may be linked further to a condition called [[sea star wasting disease]] that is deadly to bat stars.[{{Cite web |title=Sea Wonder: Bat Star |url=https://marinesanctuary.org/blog/sea-wonder-bat-star/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=National Marine Sanctuary Foundation |language=en-US}}] |
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While bat stars are currently not evaluated on the [[IUCN Red List]] they still face threats to their population.[{{Cite web |title=Bat Star |url=https://www.georgiaaquarium.org/animal/bat-star/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=Georgia Aquarium |language=en-US}}] Some of the threats the bat star population faces include the warming temperatures of the ocean caused by climate change. Warming temperature may be linked further to a condition called [[sea star wasting disease]] that is deadly to bat stars.[{{Cite web |title=Sea Wonder: Bat Star |url=https://marinesanctuary.org/blog/sea-wonder-bat-star/ |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=National Marine Sanctuary Foundation |language=en-US}}] |
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