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'''Madurai'''{{Efn|{{Indic Transl|ta|Maturai (see [[ISO 15919]])|mɐd̪ʊɾɐɪ̯|LL-Q5885 (tam)-Sriveenkat-மதுரை.wav}}}} is a Pre-historic and a major [[Classification of Indian cities|tier II city]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the cultural capital of State of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of [[Madurai district]], which is governed by the [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]] established on 1 November 1866.[{{Cite web |title=CORPORATION OF MADURAI |url=https://www.maduraicorporation.co.in/aboutus/about-madurai#:~:text=MADURAI%20CONSTITUTION,assisted%20by%20a%20Deputy%20Mayor. |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.maduraicorporation.co.in}}] As of the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], it is the [[List of cities in India by population|third largest metropolis]] in Tamil Nadu after [[Chennai]] and [[Coimbatore]] in terms of population and 27th largest [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|urban agglomeration in India]].[{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html |title=Tamil Nādu – City Population – Cities, Towns & Provinces – Statistics & Map |publisher=Thomas Brinkhoff |access-date=23 September 2009 |year=2011 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165154/http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html |url-status=live }}] Located on the banks of [[Vaigai River]], Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia and has a documented history of more than 2500 years, being one of the world's longest living cities.[{{cite book | title=The Great Chronicle of Ceylon| last=Geiger| first=Wilhelm |author-link=Wilhelm Geiger | publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=|year=1912|page=59}}][{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/archeological-survey-of-india-just-found-a-2500-year-old-city-and-its-full-of-riches-244449.html|title=ASI just found a 2500 year old city|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 October 2015|date=13 October 2015|archive-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115231115/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/archeological-survey-of-india-just-found-a-2500-year-old-city-and-its-full-of-riches-244449.html|url-status=live}}] It is often referred to as "Thoongaa Nagaram", meaning "the city that never sleeps".[{{cite web |title=Madurai Thoonga Nagaram |date=April 2017 |publisher=Serendib (BT Options Pvt Ltd) |url=http://serendib.btoptions.lk/article.php?issue=89&id=2028 |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218212548/http://serendib.btoptions.lk/article.php?issue=89&id=2028 |url-status=dead }}] |
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'''Madurai'''{{Efn|{{Indic Transl|ta|Maturai (see [[ISO 15919]])|mɐd̪ʊɾɐɪ̯|LL-Q5885 (tam)-Sriveenkat-மதுரை.wav}}}} is a major [[Classification of Indian cities|tier II city]] in the [[States and union territories of India|Indian state]] of [[Tamil Nadu]]. It is the cultural capital of Tamil Nadu and the administrative headquarters of [[Madurai district]], which is governed by the [[Madurai Municipal Corporation]] established on 1 November 1866.[{{Cite web |title=CORPORATION OF MADURAI |url=https://www.maduraicorporation.co.in/aboutus/about-madurai#:~:text=MADURAI%20CONSTITUTION,assisted%20by%20a%20Deputy%20Mayor. |access-date=2025-03-13 |website=www.maduraicorporation.co.in}}] As of the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]], it is the [[List of cities in India by population|third largest metropolis]] in Tamil Nadu after [[Chennai]] and [[Coimbatore]] in terms of population and 27th largest [[List of million-plus urban agglomerations in India|urban agglomeration in India]].[{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html |title=Tamil Nādu – City Population – Cities, Towns & Provinces – Statistics & Map |publisher=Thomas Brinkhoff |access-date=23 September 2009 |year=2011 |archive-date=3 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165154/http://www.citypopulation.de/India-TamilNadu.html |url-status=live }}] Located on the banks of [[Vaigai River]], Madurai has been a major settlement for two millennia and has a documented history of more than 2500 years.[{{cite book | title=The Great Chronicle of Ceylon| last=Geiger| first=Wilhelm |author-link=Wilhelm Geiger | publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=|year=1912|page=59}}][{{cite news|url=http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/archeological-survey-of-india-just-found-a-2500-year-old-city-and-its-full-of-riches-244449.html|title=ASI just found a 2500 year old city|work=The Times of India|access-date=13 October 2015|date=13 October 2015|archive-date=15 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151115231115/http://www.indiatimes.com/news/india/archeological-survey-of-india-just-found-a-2500-year-old-city-and-its-full-of-riches-244449.html|url-status=live}}] It is often referred to as "Thoongaa Nagaram", meaning "the city that never sleeps".[{{cite web |title=Madurai Thoonga Nagaram |date=April 2017 |publisher=Serendib (BT Options Pvt Ltd) |url=http://serendib.btoptions.lk/article.php?issue=89&id=2028 |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=18 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210218212548/http://serendib.btoptions.lk/article.php?issue=89&id=2028 |url-status=dead }}] |
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Madurai is one of the oldest cities in India and South Asia.[{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsAfAAAAIAAJ&dq=madurai+oldest+cities+in+india&pg=PA12 | title=The City as a Sacred Center: Essays on Six Asian Contexts | isbn=90-04-08471-1 | last1=Smith | first1=Bardwell L. | last2=Reynolds | first2=Holly Baker | date=January 1987 | publisher=BRILL }}] The third [[Tamil Sangam]], a major congregation of Tamil scholars under the flag of the Great [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan Dynasty]], is said to have been held in the city. The [[recorded history]] of the city goes back to the 3rd century BCE, being mentioned by [[Megasthenes]], the Greek ambassador to the [[Mauryan Empire]], and [[Kautilya]], a minister of the Mauryan emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]].[{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/A-site-of-human-settlements-turned-into-a-coconut-grove/articleshow/47401066.cms|title=A site of human settlements turned into a coconut grove|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=7 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607014336/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/A-site-of-human-settlements-turned-into-a-coconut-grove/articleshow/47401066.cms|url-status=live}}][{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/archaeological-excavation-in-sivaganga-uncovers-pandyaroman-trade-links/article7328683.ece|title=Archealogical excavation uncovers Roman Pandyan trade links|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127172506/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/archaeological-excavation-in-sivaganga-uncovers-pandyaroman-trade-links/article7328683.ece|url-status=live}}] The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan Kingdom]], the [[Chola Empire]], the [[Madurai Sultanate]], the [[Vijayanagar Empire]], the [[Madurai Nayaks]], the [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Carnatic kingdom]], and the [[British East India Company|British East India Company's]] [[British Raj]]. The city has a number of historical monuments, with the [[Koodal Azhagar temple]], the [[Meenakshi Temple]] and the [[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal]], [[Murugan Temple, Pazhamudircholai|Pazhamudircholai Murugan Temple]] being the most prominent. |
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Madurai is one of the oldest cities in India and South Asia.[{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OsAfAAAAIAAJ&dq=madurai+oldest+cities+in+india&pg=PA12 | title=The City as a Sacred Center: Essays on Six Asian Contexts | isbn=90-04-08471-1 | last1=Smith | first1=Bardwell L. | last2=Reynolds | first2=Holly Baker | date=January 1987 | publisher=BRILL }}] The third [[Tamil Sangam]], a major congregation of Tamil scholars under the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan dynasty]], is said to have been held in the city. The [[recorded history]] of the city goes back to the 3rd century BCE, being mentioned by [[Megasthenes]], the Greek ambassador to the [[Mauryan Empire]], and [[Kautilya]], a minister of the Mauryan emperor [[Chandragupta Maurya]].[{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/A-site-of-human-settlements-turned-into-a-coconut-grove/articleshow/47401066.cms|title=A site of human settlements turned into a coconut grove|work=The Times of India|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=7 June 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150607014336/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/madurai/A-site-of-human-settlements-turned-into-a-coconut-grove/articleshow/47401066.cms|url-status=live}}][{{cite news|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/archaeological-excavation-in-sivaganga-uncovers-pandyaroman-trade-links/article7328683.ece|title=Archealogical excavation uncovers Roman Pandyan trade links|work=The Hindu|access-date=12 October 2015|archive-date=27 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161127172506/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/archaeological-excavation-in-sivaganga-uncovers-pandyaroman-trade-links/article7328683.ece|url-status=live}}] The city is believed to be of significant antiquity and has been ruled, at different times, by the [[Pandya dynasty|Pandyan Kingdom]], the [[Chola Empire]], the [[Madurai Sultanate]], the [[Vijayanagar Empire]], the [[Madurai Nayaks]], the [[Nawab of the Carnatic|Carnatic kingdom]], and the [[British East India Company|British East India Company's]] [[British Raj]]. The city has a number of historical monuments, with the [[Koodal Azhagar temple]], the [[Meenakshi Temple]] and the [[Thirumalai Nayakkar Mahal]] being the most prominent. |
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Madurai is an important industrial and educational hub in Tamil Nadu. The city is home to various automobile, [[rubber]], chemical and [[granite]] manufacturing industries.[{{cite news|url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/25/stories/2007102550550200.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071026133827/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/25/stories/2007102550550200.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 26 October 2007 |title= An industry that can bolster the economy of Madurai| access-date = 24 January 2009 | location=Chennai, India |work= [[The Hindu]] |date=25 October 2007}}] Madurai has important government educational institutes such as the [[Madurai Medical College]], the Homeopathic Medical College,- Madurai Campus, [[Madurai Kamaraj University|Kamaraj University]] and the [[All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Madurai]]. The city covers an area of {{cvt|147.97|km2}} and had a population of 1,470,755 in 2011.[{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Madurai|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=697001|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145834/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=697001|archive-date=24 September 2015}}] The city is also the second bench of the [[Madras High Court]].{{efn|The Madurai Bench has been functioning since 2004.}} |
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Madurai is an important industrial and educational hub in Tamil Nadu. The city is home to various automobile, [[rubber]], chemical and [[granite]] manufacturing industries.[{{cite news|url= http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/25/stories/2007102550550200.htm |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071026133827/http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/25/stories/2007102550550200.htm |url-status= dead |archive-date= 26 October 2007 |title= An industry that can bolster the economy of Madurai| access-date = 24 January 2009 | location=Chennai, India |work= [[The Hindu]] |date=25 October 2007}}] Madurai has important government educational institutes such as the [[Madurai Medical College]], the Homeopathic Medical College,[{{cite web|title=Census Info 2011 Final population totals – Madurai|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=697001|publisher=Office of The Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India|year=2013|access-date=26 January 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924145834/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/pca/SearchDetails.aspx?Id=697001|archive-date=24 September 2015}}] The second [[Bench (law)|bench]] of the [[Madras High Court]] is situated in Madurai.{{efn|The Madurai Bench has been functioning since 2004.}} |
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It is one amongst [[List of AMRUT Smart cities in Tamil Nadu|the towns and cities selected]] for the [[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation|AMRUT]] mission, undertaken by the [[Government of India]].[{{cite web | url=http://tufidco.in/amrut.aspx | title=Tufidco | access-date=21 December 2023 | archive-date=20 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220212330/http://tufidco.in/amrut.aspx | url-status=live }}] The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] contributes to the infrastructure development in the city.[{{Cite web|url=https://tcp.tn.gov.in/amrutscheme|title=Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamil Nadu|website=tcp.tn.gov.in|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220210400/https://tcp.tn.gov.in/amrutscheme|url-status=live}}] |
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It is one amongst [[List of AMRUT Smart cities in Tamil Nadu|the towns and cities selected]] for the [[Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation|AMRUT]] mission, undertaken by the [[Government of India]].[{{cite web | url=http://tufidco.in/amrut.aspx | title=Tufidco | access-date=21 December 2023 | archive-date=20 December 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220212330/http://tufidco.in/amrut.aspx | url-status=live }}] The [[Government of Tamil Nadu]] contributes to the infrastructure development in the city.[{{Cite web|url=https://tcp.tn.gov.in/amrutscheme|title=Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Government of Tamil Nadu|website=tcp.tn.gov.in|access-date=21 December 2023|archive-date=20 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231220210400/https://tcp.tn.gov.in/amrutscheme|url-status=live}}] |
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