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'''{{Lang|fr|Libération}}''' ({{IPA|fr|libeʁɑsjɔ̃|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Libération.wav}}), popularly known as '''''Libé''''' ({{IPA|fr|libe|pron}}), is a daily newspaper in France, founded in Paris by [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] and [[Serge July]] in 1973 in the wake of the protest movements of [[May 68|May 1968]]. Initially positioned on the far left of France's political spectrum, the editorial line evolved towards a more centre-left stance at the end of the 1970s,[{{cite web|url=https://www.france-medias.fr/liberation/e-28|title=Évaluation Libération|publisher=france-medias.fr|access-date=31 January 2020|language=fr|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904082436/https://www.france-medias.fr/liberation/e-28|url-status=dead}}] where it remains as of 2012.[{{cite news|title=French press rallies behind new President Hollande|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17980952|access-date=22 November 2014|work=BBC|date=7 May 2012|archive-date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103162400/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17980952|url-status=live}}] |
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'''{{Lang|fr|Libération}}''' ({{IPA|fr|libeʁɑsjɔ̃|-|LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Libération.wav}}), popularly known as '''''Libé''''' ({{IPA|fr|libe|pron}}), is a daily newspaper in France, founded in Paris by [[Jean-Paul Sartre]] and [[Serge July]] in 1973 in the wake of the protest movements of [[May 68|May 1968]]. Initially positioned on the far left of France's political spectrum, the editorial line evolved towards a more centre-left stance at the end of the 1970s,[{{cite web|url=https://www.france-medias.fr/liberation/e-28|title=Évaluation Libération|publisher=france-medias.fr|access-date=31 January 2020|language=fr|archive-date=4 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904082436/https://www.france-medias.fr/liberation/e-28|url-status=dead}}] where it remains as of 2012.[{{cite news|title=French press rallies behind new President Hollande|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17980952|access-date=22 November 2014|work=BBC|date=7 May 2012|archive-date=3 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103162400/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17980952|url-status=live}}] |
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The publication describes its "DNA" as being "liberal libertarian". It aims to act as a common platform for the diverse tendencies within the [[French Left]], with its "compass" being "the defence of freedoms and of minorities".[{{cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/ecrans/2014/03/13/liberation-et-son-rapport-a-la-gauche_986845|title="Libération" et son rapport à la gauche|publisher=Libération|date=13 March 2014|language=fr|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131031108/https://www.liberation.fr/ecrans/2014/03/13/liberation-et-son-rapport-a-la-gauche_986845|url-status=dead}}] [[Edouard Etienne de Rothschild|Edouard de Rothschild]]'s acquisition of a 37% capital interest in 2005,[{{cite web |url=http://www.acrimed.org/article1903.html |title="Libération" tombe sous le charme d'Edouard de Rothschild |publisher=Acrimed |date=31 January 2005 |language=fr |access-date=30 December 2010 |archive-date=20 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220182525/http://www.acrimed.org/article1903.html |url-status=live }}] and editor Serge July's campaign for the "yes" vote in the [[2005 French European Constitution referendum|referendum establishing a Constitution for Europe]] the same year,[{{cite web|url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/media/20061205.OBS1535/l-editorial-de-serge-july.htmlv|title=L'éditorial de Serge July |work=Le Nouvel Observateur|date=25 June 2008|language=fr}}] alienated it from a number of its left-wing readers.[{{cite web|url=http://lmsi.net/Un-cri-de-douleur-de-Serge-July|title=Un " cri de douleur " de Serge July|publisher=Les Mots Sont Importants|date=June 2005|language=fr|access-date=30 December 2010|archive-date=17 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217124359/http://lmsi.net/Un-cri-de-douleur-de-Serge-July|url-status=live}}] |
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The publication describes its "DNA" as being "liberal libertarian". It aims to act as a common platform for the diverse tendencies within the [[French Left]], with its "compass" being "the defence of freedoms and of minorities".[{{cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/ecrans/2014/03/13/liberation-et-son-rapport-a-la-gauche_986845|title="Libération" et son rapport à la gauche|publisher=Libération|date=13 March 2014|language=fr|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131031108/https://www.liberation.fr/ecrans/2014/03/13/liberation-et-son-rapport-a-la-gauche_986845|url-status=dead}}] [[Edouard Etienne de Rothschild|Edouard de Rothschild]]'s acquisition of a 37% capital interest in 2005,[{{cite web |url=http://www.acrimed.org/article1903.html |title="Libération" tombe sous le charme d'Edouard de Rothschild |publisher=Acrimed |date=31 January 2005 |language=fr |access-date=30 December 2010 |archive-date=20 December 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220182525/http://www.acrimed.org/article1903.html |url-status=live }}] and editor Serge July's campaign for the "yes" vote in the [[2005 French European Constitution referendum|referendum establishing a Constitution for Europe]] the same year,[{{cite web|url=http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/media/20061205.OBS1535/l-editorial-de-serge-july.htmlv|title=L'éditorial de Serge July |work=Le Nouvel Observateur|date=25 June 2008|language=fr}}] alienated it from a number of its left-wing readers.[{{cite web|url=http://lmsi.net/Un-cri-de-douleur-de-Serge-July|title=Un " cri de douleur " de Serge July|publisher=Les Mots Sont Importants|date=June 2005|language=fr|access-date=30 December 2010|archive-date=17 December 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217124359/http://lmsi.net/Un-cri-de-douleur-de-Serge-July|url-status=live|last=Pierre Tevanian|last2=Sylvie Tissot}}] |
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In its early days, it was noted for its irreverent and humorous style and unorthodox journalistic culture. All employees, including management, received the same salary. In addition to traditional editor's notes, known as [[:fr:Note de la rédaction|Note de la rédaction]] and marked as N.D.L.R., it included the innovative NDLC (''note de la claviste''), apt and witty comments inserted at the last moment by the typesetter.[{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/correcteurs/2011/06/24/ndlc-note-de-la-claviste/|title=NDLC (note de la claviste)|publisher=Le Monde|date=24 June 2011|language=fr|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131031046/https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/correcteurs/2011/06/24/ndlc-note-de-la-claviste/|url-status=live}}] It was the first French daily to have a website. It had a circulation of about 67,000 in 2018.[{{cite web |url=https://www.acpm.fr/Les-chiffres/Diffusion-presse/Presse-Payante/Presse-Quotidienne-Nationale |title=ACMP |quote=French NGO responsible for surveying newspaper circulation |access-date=29 April 2019 |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409113126/https://www.acpm.fr/Les-chiffres/Diffusion-presse/Presse-Payante/Presse-Quotidienne-Nationale |url-status=live }}] ''Libération'' has been considered a [[newspaper of record]] in France.[{{cite news |last=Bryant |first=Elizabeth |date=27 October 2006 |title=A capital crisis may bring down leftist French paper / Liberation, founded in 1968, has seen circulation plummet |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/A-capital-crisis-may-bring-down-leftist-French-2548623.php |url-status=live |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225132811/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/A-capital-crisis-may-bring-down-leftist-French-2548623.php |archive-date=25 February 2017 |access-date=21 June 2023}}] |
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In its early days, it was noted for its irreverent and humorous style and unorthodox journalistic culture. All employees, including management, received the same salary. In addition to traditional editor's notes, known as [[:fr:Note de la rédaction|Note de la rédaction]] and marked as N.D.L.R., it included the innovative NDLC (''note de la claviste''), apt and witty comments inserted at the last moment by the typesetter.[{{cite web|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/correcteurs/2011/06/24/ndlc-note-de-la-claviste/|title=NDLC (note de la claviste)|publisher=Le Monde|date=24 June 2011|language=fr|access-date=31 January 2020|archive-date=31 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131031046/https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/correcteurs/2011/06/24/ndlc-note-de-la-claviste/|url-status=live}}] It was the first French daily to have a website. It had a circulation of about 67,000 in 2018.[{{cite web |url=https://www.acpm.fr/Les-chiffres/Diffusion-presse/Presse-Payante/Presse-Quotidienne-Nationale |title=ACMP |quote=French NGO responsible for surveying newspaper circulation |access-date=29 April 2019 |archive-date=9 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190409113126/https://www.acpm.fr/Les-chiffres/Diffusion-presse/Presse-Payante/Presse-Quotidienne-Nationale |url-status=live }}] ''Libération'' has been considered a [[newspaper of record]] in France.[{{cite news |last=Bryant |first=Elizabeth |date=27 October 2006 |title=A capital crisis may bring down leftist French paper / Liberation, founded in 1968, has seen circulation plummet |url=https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/A-capital-crisis-may-bring-down-leftist-French-2548623.php |url-status=live |newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170225132811/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/A-capital-crisis-may-bring-down-leftist-French-2548623.php |archive-date=25 February 2017 |access-date=21 June 2023}}] |
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