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'''Julius Bernhard Citron''' (26 October 1878 – 18 January 1952) was a [[German Jewish]] physician and researcher specializing in [[internal medicine]], [[bacteriology]], [[immunology]], and [[serology]]. He made notable contributions to the development of diagnostic methods for [[infectious diseases]], particularly through improvements to the [[Wassermann test]] for syphilis and early work on tuberculosis diagnostics. His career spanned [[Germany]], [[British Mandatory Palestine]], and [[Egypt]].[University Archive Humboldt University, Berlin - Personnel File from holdings of Charite Directorate for Julius Bernard Citron files ChVD.01, 391; UK C 028; Med.Fak, 1355, accessed Dec. 3, 2019][{{Cite journal |last=van den Bell |first=Henk |date=2011 |title=The Collective Construction of a Scientific Fact: A Re-examination of the Early Period of the Wassermann Reaction (1906 - 1912) |journal=Social Epistemology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=311–339|doi=10.1080/02691728.2011.604446 }}][{{Cite journal |last=Eisner |first=Henry L. |date=December 10, 1910 |title=The New Treatment of Syphilis (Erlich – Hata) |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |pages=2053}}] |
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'''Julius Bernhard Citron''' (26 October 1878 – 18 January 1952) was a [[German Jewish]] physician and researcher specializing in [[internal medicine]], [[bacteriology]], [[immunology]], and [[serology]]. He made notable contributions to the development of diagnostic methods for [[infectious diseases]], particularly through improvements to the [[Wassermann test]] for [[syphilis]] and early work on tuberculosis diagnostics. His career spanned [[Germany]], [[British Mandatory Palestine]], and [[Egypt]].[University Archive Humboldt University, Berlin - Personnel File from holdings of Charite Directorate for Julius Bernard Citron files ChVD.01, 391; UK C 028; Med.Fak, 1355, accessed Dec. 3, 2019][{{Cite journal |last=van den Bell |first=Henk |date=2011 |title=The Collective Construction of a Scientific Fact: A Re-examination of the Early Period of the Wassermann Reaction (1906 - 1912) |journal=Social Epistemology |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=311–339|doi=10.1080/02691728.2011.604446 }}][{{Cite journal |last=Eisner |first=Henry L. |date=December 10, 1910 |title=The New Treatment of Syphilis (Erlich – Hata) |journal=Journal of the American Medical Association |pages=2053}}] |
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Citron was born in [[Berlin, Germany]], to Judah David Leib Citron and Lina Aronsohn. He studied medicine at universities in Munich, Freiburg, and Berlin, receiving his degree from the University of Freiburg in 1902.[{{Cite book |last=Mendelsohn |first=John Andrew |title=Cultures of Bacteriology: Formation and Transformation of a Science in France and Germany, 1870 - 1914 |date=June 1996 |publisher=UMI Microform 9701218 Dissertation Presented to Faculty of Princeton University in Candidacy for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy |pages=Introduction pages. 1 & 5}}][{{Cite book |last=Gradmann |first=Christoph |title=Laboratory Disease Robert Koch's Medical Bacteriology |date=2009 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, Maryland |publication-date=2009 |pages=2, 3, and 120 - 121}}] |
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Citron was born in [[Berlin, Germany]], to Judah David Leib Citron and Lina Aronsohn. He studied medicine at universities in Munich, Freiburg, and Berlin, receiving his degree from the [[University of Freiburg]] in 1902.[{{Cite book |last=Mendelsohn |first=John Andrew |title=Cultures of Bacteriology: Formation and Transformation of a Science in France and Germany, 1870 - 1914 |date=June 1996 |publisher=UMI Microform 9701218 Dissertation Presented to Faculty of Princeton University in Candidacy for Degree of Doctor of Philosophy |pages=Introduction pages. 1 & 5}}][{{Cite book |last=Gradmann |first=Christoph |title=Laboratory Disease Robert Koch's Medical Bacteriology |date=2009 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, Maryland |publication-date=2009 |pages=2, 3, and 120 - 121}}] |
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In 1904, Citron joined the [[Robert Koch Institute]] in Berlin, working in the department led by August von Wassermann. There, he contributed to the refinement of the Wassermann test for syphilis, increasing its diagnostic reliability by using a large, stratified human serum sample and applying improved controls.[{{Cite book |last=Fleck |first=Ludwik |title=Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact |orig-date=1981 |date=1935 |publisher=Chicago: University of Chicago |pages=Chapters 3 & 4}}] |
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In 1904, Citron joined the [[Robert Koch Institute]] in Berlin, working in the department led by [[August von Wassermann]]. There, he contributed to the refinement of the Wassermann test for syphilis, increasing its diagnostic reliability by using a large, stratified human serum sample and applying improved controls.[{{Cite book |last=Fleck |first=Ludwik |title=Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact |orig-date=1981 |date=1935 |publisher=Chicago: University of Chicago |pages=Chapters 3 & 4}}] |
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